Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7 Regional Economies

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7

Regional Economies Create Differences Section 1

Industrial Revolution ► Interchangeable parts – Eli Whitney’s invention – put industry into large semi-mechanized factories. ► Mass production – production of goods in large quantities ► Industrial Revolution § brought about by changes in industry § Massive change in social and economic organization resulting from the replacement of hand tools by machines and the development of large-scale industrial production

Where was the Industrial Revolution? ► Industrial Revolution – started in Great Britain ► Carried over to the United States § U. S. economy had moved away from international trade and so they needed to create the goods they could no longer import

New England Industrializes ► First economic area to industrialize? § Textile mills ►Pawtucket, RI – first successful ►mechanized factory – created thread ►Boston, MA – Lowell, Appleton, and Jackson built a weaving factory that mechanized entire process for creating cloth § Named just Lowell § Booming manufacturing center that drew thousands who were looking for work – mostly women

Two Agricultural Systems Develop ► North 1804 – little need for slavery – died out by § Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan) ►Small farms that grew all that they needed – DID NOT sell goods at distant markets § Northeast (North of Ohio River) ►Began producing one or two types of crops or livestock (corn/cattle), sold their crop at city market, and purchase other needed goods from stores

Two Agricultural Systems Develop ► Cotton becomes “King” § Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made it easy to clean cotton § Cotton in high demand in Great Britain and North § Small farmers and plantation owners took advantage of demand for cotton and used slave labor to cultivate cotton § Cotton accelerated expansion of slavery and entrenched it into southern society

The American System ► Since North and South had different economies, they needed a plan to unify the country and create a strong, stable, and self-sufficient economy ► Madison’s plan (three points) – “The American System” § § § Establish a protective tariff Resurrecting the National Bank Sponsoring the development of transportation systems and infrastructure

Tariffs ► Why a tariff? § Overproduced British goods flooded the market and were cheap § American-made goods couldn’t compete § A tax on imports would make British goods as expensive as American goods – thus encouraging people to buy American goods § Tax would also help pay for improved infrastructure § Tariff of 1816 passed

National Bank ► Second Bank of the United States (BUS) proposed ► Supported because people wanted a single currency to make it easier to do business with people in other regions of the country ► 1816 – Congress passed a charter the bank for a 20 year period

Erie Canal and Infrastructure Improvements ► States funded improvement to their own transportation systems (turnpikes, etc. ) ► Federal government § National Road (1811) - first highway ► Erie Canal – 363 mile long “Big Ditch” § Connected Hudson River to Lake Erie § Successful (only took 12 years to pay for construction with the tolls collected)

Nationalism at Center Stage Section 2

Supreme Court Boosts National Power did the cases of Gibbons v. Ogden, Mc. Culloch v Maryland, Fletcher v. Peck, and Dartmouth College v. Woodward boost the power of the federal government? ► How

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy ► Monroe Doctrine § Portugal, Spain, and Russia looking at land in North America or former colonies in Latin America § Made U. S. nervous – had to do something § 1823 in a message to Congress, President Monroe warned foreign nations not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere § Similarly, the U. S. would not interfere in European affairs or affairs of existing colonies

Nationalism Pushes America West ► Missouri Compromise § 1819 Missouri territory requests admission to the Union § Issue of slavery brought up for the first time since the Constitutional Convention § Until 1818 – 10 free states and 10 slave states § 1819 – Illinois admitted as the 11 th free state § Southern states want MO to be the 11 th slave state to maintain the balance § Amendment to MO Constitution requiring them to eventually free their slaves § Upset South and harsh debates exploded in Congress

Missouri Compromise Continued While debate continued, Alabama was admitted to the Union as a slave state ► Now 11 slave and 11 free states – MO would upset the balance one way or the other ► South didn’t want North to outlaw slavery ► North didn’t want slavery to extend into new territories ► Compromise = Maine was seeking admission to the Union – it would be admitted as a free state, Missouri as a slave state AND Louisiana Territory was split into two spheres at the 36, 30 north latitude (South would be open to slavery, North would be closed to slavery (except for MO)). ► 1820 Missouri Compromise signed – solving the problem for a generation ►

The Age of Jackson Section 3

Expansion of Democracy and Changing Politics ► Adams vs. Jackson § 1824 election ► Jackson won popular vote but Adams became President because of electoral college votes § Jacksonians, upset with outcome, withdrew from the Republican Party to form the Democratic-Republican Party (modern day Democratic Party) ► Voting requirements eased under Adams and enlarged voting population (tripled between 1824 and 1828) § Many states got rid of property requirements

Jackson’s Political Style ► Appeal to Common Citizen § Expanded electorate meant candidates had to speak to concerns and hopes of everyday citizens – Jackson characterized Adams as an elitist and himself as a man of the common person ► Spoils § § § System Appointees serve 4 yr. terms Gave away jobs to friends and supporters “Kitchen Cabinet” – closest friends were his advisers

Removal of Native Americans ► Five Civilized Tribes – § Cherokee, Choctoaw, Seminole, Creek, and Chichasaw § Began to adopt to the culture of European. Americans since the War of 1812 § Cherokee had legislature with two houses and a Constitution ► 500 Nations Video

Removal of Native Americans ► Indian Removal Act of 1830 § Planters and miners wanted tribal lands to settle § Jackson believed “assimilation” could not work and best solution was to remove tribes from the land § Act provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move further west. § Jackson believed removal policy was best because Native Americans could maintain their way of life.

Removal of Native Americans ► Trail of Tears § Cherokee Nation did not sign a treaty but rather attempted to have their case decided in U. S. Courts § Supreme Court jurisdiction was unclear ► Neither a foreign nation nor a state ► “domestic dependent nation” ► Ultimately decided in favor of the Cherokee § Recognized as distinct political community § Georgia not entitled to regulate by law or force to leave land § Jackson ignored decision and didn’t enforce it

Removal of Native Americans ► Trail of Tears (continued) § As issue remained in courts, some Cherokee began to favor relocation § Federal agents negotiated the Treaty of New Echota with those leaders favoring relocation § Signing of treaty began mass Cherokee exodus that ultimately killed a quarter of the Cherokee people ► Read “Point/Counterpoint” on page 212 § What were the arguments for the Indian Removal Act? What were the arguments against it?

Outline Map The Indian Removal Act of 1830 ► With a partner, use the map on pg. 213 of your book to help you label the geographical features listed on the handout. § Also label all of the existing states. ► Respond to the questions and be prepared to share your answers with the class

Jackson, States’ Rights, and the National Bank Section 4

Tariff Raises States’ Rights Issue ► 1816 Tariff increased in 1824 and again in 1828 ► Hurt the South § Reduced British exports to the South § British, thus, bought less cotton from the South § South forced to buy more expensive Americanmade manufactured goods and weren’t making as much off of cotton

Calhoun and the Nullification Theory ► John C. Calhoun was Jackson’s Vice-President and supported a nationalist view, but he was also from South Carolina ► To show support for S. C. , he devised the nullification theory – questioned the legality of applying some federal laws in “sovereign” states § States entered into the Constitution as a form of a compact, and therefore could question the constitutionality of federal laws § Hayne and Webster Debates

South Carolina Rebels ► 1832 – Issue of states’ rights put to the test when Congress passed a tariff law that South Carolina legislators still found unacceptable. ► Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 “unconstitutional” and “null and void” ► Jackson was furious and urged Congress to pass a Force Bill in 1833 to allow the federal government to use the army and navy against S. C. if the state authorities resisted paying proper duties ► To avoid a bloody battle, Henry Clay forged a compromise § Tariff bill would gradually lower tariff duties over a 10 year period

Jackson Attacks the National Bank Jackson waged war on the B. U. S. ► Jackson viewed the B. U. S. as an agent of the wealthy who cared little for Jackson’s supporters (common people) ► Battle against B. U. S. and Nicholas Biddle, the Head of the National Bank ► Jackson uses political tactics to force the bank to call in loans and hurt merchants and citizens – thus losing support for the bank ► Actions successful, but cause people in the Democratic Party to see his actions as tyrannical (“King Andrew”) ► § Break with party and form the Whig Party and they opposed an excessively powerful chief executive (President)

Jackson’s Successors ► Martin Van Buren 1836 § Easily wins election § Plagued by economic problems that were the consequence of Jackson’s bank war – made him very unpopular ► William Henry Harrison 1840 § Whig party candidate, appealed to the common person and won § Died after a month into his term ► John Tyler (“His Accidency”) – opposed many Whig programs ► Political Parties – Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs § Dominate politics until 1850 s