Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7 Regional Economies
Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Chapter 7
Regional Economies Create Differences Section 1
ANOTHER REVOLUTION AFFECTS AMERICA Factory System begins… • Interchangeable parts by inventor Eli Whitney • Machinery & Labor = Mass Production • Cheap and profitable • Hand tools to machinery = Industrial Revolution •
BRITAIN STARTS A REVOLUTION • Industrial Revolution first begins in G. B. • Power from water & burning coal • Power driven machines • US faces huge population increase in early 19 th century • More people than jobs • Cheap labor needed
Industrial Revolution in the United States Resources in the US: Rushing Rivers, Coal and Iron-Ore Unskilled Immigrants eager to work Cheap Labor
NEW ENGLAND INDUSTRIALIZES Shipping/foreign trade Textile factories in North Thread being produced 1813: Francis Cabot Lowell’s industry in Boston mechanized all cloth Farms decline in Northeasterners invest in factories 2 -distinctly different economies (North and South)
AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH Farming in North changes Ohio River Valley; corn and cattle Little demand for slaves 1790 s: Slavery declines in Northerners speak out against slavery 1804: North states begin to abolish slavery
COTTON: KING OF THE SOUTH 1793: Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin Demand for cotton in G. B. and north Wealthy planters buy land Slaves rise in south LA, MS, AL boom with cotton Cotton gin expanse slavery
SLAVERY BECOMES ENTRENCHED • Cotton plantations need slaves • Slaves more profitable to landowners • 1820 s: Slave labor increases dramatically
COTTON SLAVES 1790: 3, 000 bales per year 1790: 700, 000 in U. S. 1810: 780, 000 bales per year 1810: 1, 200, 000 in U. S.
HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM President Monroe’s plan to Congress: Unify country 3 -Major Points: 1. Establish a protective tariff 2. Resurrect national bank 3. Develop transportation Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) and John C. Calhoun, back plan Unite the nation’s economic interests
TARIFFS AND NATIONAL BANK Britain floods US with merchandise Priced below US costs Americans buy British goods A tariff needed to be imposed (Tariff of 1816) Increase tax on imported British goods Revenues used to… Improve roads, canals North approved, south did not 1816: Second National Bank Chartered One currency for nation Better for business
ERIE CANAL AND OTHER INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS Business possible because of transportation National Road - Maryland to Illinois Erie Canal: Completed 1825 365 -miles (Hudson River to Lake Erie) Connects Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes NYC dominate port city 1816: James Monroe reelected President Monroe is welcomed in Boston “Era of Good Feeling”
Nationalism at Center Stage Section 2
THE STEAMBOAT 1807: Robert Fulton’s steamboat Faster transportation Carried freight and passengers Using all waterways
SUPREME COURT BOOSTS NATIONAL POWER 1808: Fulton receives charter from NY Steamboats on all NY waterways Profits gained bring about a monopoly Monopoly: Exclusive legal control of a commercial activity Monopolies charge steamboat operators for licenses Need licenses on various parts of the rivers…
Ogden v. Gibbons 2 -steamboat operators, Aaron Ogden and Thomas Gibbons compete over territory on Hudson River • Ogden sues Gibbons • 1824: Supreme Court rules…Interstate commerce could be regulated only by the federal government • Outcome strengthened government over economy •
NATIONALISM SHAPES FOREIGN POLICY • Sec. of State John Quincy Adams • Adams est. foreign policy on nationalism • National interests ahead of regional • Security and expansion of nation • 1819: Adams-Onis Treaty: Spain cedes Florida to the US
MONROE DOCTRINE • US needs to act on Russia and European countries expanding • Americans want Spain and Cuba • 1823: President Monroe’s message to Congress… • Monroe warns European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere • US would not interfere with European affairs
MISSOURI COMPROMISE • Missouri asks to join Union • Until 1818: 10 free states, 10 slave states • 1818: Illinois enters as free state • Missouri expects to enter a slave state • Bill passed: Missouri slowly free slaves • South threatened by bill • South accused North of trying to end slavery • Civil war nearly erupts • 1820: Maine enters as free state, Missouri a slave state • Slavery line set
The Age of Jackson Section 3
A CORRUPT BARGAIN The Election of 1824 Henry Clay swings election towards Adams Clay disliked Jackson Adams backed Clay’s American System Jacksonians oppose decision Corrupt bargaining Clay becomes Sec. of State Democratic Party formed
JACKSON’S APPEAL TO THE COMMON CITIZEN Jackson wins Election of 1828 3 - times more people vote than in 1824 “Old Hickory” finally in office Jackson appeals to common people
JACKSON’S SPOILS SYSTEM Uses power of President Minimum of 4 -yr terms in Government office “rotation in office” The “kitchen cabinet” Fired 10% of Adams’ administration Spoils System: officials thrown out, replaced by friends
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830 5 Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Seminole, Creek and Chickasaw Occupied lands in: GA, NC, SC, Al, MS, TN Jackson: Assimilation would not work Native Americans forced to move west 90 treaties signed Jackson claimed Native Americans would maintain their way of life
TRAIL OF TEARS US troops move Natives by force Cherokee sues Jackson Chief Justice Marshall sides with Cherokee Jackson refuses to listen to Supreme Court ruling Cherokee land given to federal government Fall of 1838, Cherokee sent off lands 800 mile trip, mostly on foot More than ¼ died on trip
Jackson, States’ Rights and the National Bank Section 4
THE NULLIFICATION THEORY Vice-President John C. Calhoun of SC Called tariff of 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” Tariff reduces exports of Britain to US Therefore, Britain buys less cotton British imports decline
THE NULLIFICATION THEORY (continued…) South forced to buy goods in North South: North getting richer at their expense Calhoun approves opposes 1828 tariff Cotton farmers leaving SC, heading to MS and Al Calhoun challenges Constitution on nullification theory He argues states had right to nullify a federal law OR had right to leave the Union
HAYNE AND WEBSTER DEBATE STATES’ RIGHTS Sen. Robert Hayne (SC) vs. Sen. Daniel Webster (MA) 1830: Issue of States’ Rights Hayne: “Federal government is limitless in power” Webster: “Resistance could lead to rebellion” Or was it created FOR the people? Jackson: “The Union must be preserved”
SOUTH CAROLINA REBELS Tariff of 1832 passed SC legislature objects Declare both tariffs (1828 & 1832) “Unauthorized by Constitution” SC threatens successions Jackson furious Jackson said he and nation were threatened Troops sent to SC Henry Clay soothes issues
JACKSON ATTACKS THE NATIONAL BANK Jackson vs. BUS Bank in Philadelphia Jackson vetoes re-charter 20 yr charter, expires in 1836 Clay/Webster want re-charter Clay uses charter in campaign Clay knew Jackson would veto charter Clay wants Jackson to lose support Underestimate public dislike of bank
JACKSON OPPOSES BANK Jackson suspicious of banks… A threat to democracy Bank makes rich, richer All federal tax revenues deposited in BUS, NOT deposited in state/private banks BUS stockholders earn interest, not taxpayers BUS President Nicholas Biddle extends loans to congressmen at lower rates than avg. citizens
PET BANKS Jackson destroys bank Gov. deposits all withdrawn Placed into state “pet banks” Pet Banks loyal to Democrats Jackson fires Sec. of Treasury Biddle wants new charter Charter doesn’t come Second BUS becomes regular bank Bank closes 5 yrs. Later NY becomes financial capital Clay/Webster form Whig party
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