Bahrick finish handout The Multi Store Model of

Bahrick: finish handout

The Multi Store Model of Memory Models of Memory

Starter

Objectives To be able to… • Describe the constitute parts of the Multi Store Model • Describe research into the capacity of the Sensory Register • Evaluate the multi-store model

The MSM What is a Model? • The MSM was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) • Memory is a flow of information through three different stores. Each store differs in terms of capacity, duration and coding.

Multi Store Model of Memory Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Maintenance Rehearsal Environmental Stimuli Retrieval Sensory Register (SR) Attention Short-Term Memory (STM) Long-Term Memory (LTM) Rehearsal Decay Animation Forgetting

The MSM

Task: In your packs draw and fill in as much of the grid below (main) CODING DURATION CAPACITY Sensory register Short term memory Long term memory Extension Identify a study that investigated the STM 10 sec) Identify a study that investigates the LTM (10 sec)

Should look something like this… CODING DURATION (form) (how long) CAPACITY (how much) acoustic 5 -9 items (Main) Sensory register Short term memory Long term memory semantic 15 -30 seconds A life time unlimited

Sensory register, also called sensory memory, refers to the first and most immediate form of memory you have. The sensory register is your ultra-short-term memory that takes in sensory information through your five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and holds it for no more than a few seconds. Our senses are engaged when we are exposed to a stimulus or something that causes a sensory response, such as a strong odour. It is the sensory register that enables you to remember sensory stimuli after your exposure to the stimuli has ended. If it does not receive attention information is lost.

Coding in the SR There is very little coding in the sensory register. Information enters the memory system through our senses, and it is thought that everything we see, hear, touch, smell and taste enters sensory memory (sensory register) and remains in its raw form. There are different registers of each sense, for example. Iconic register: memory for visual information Echoic register: memory for auditory information Haptic register: memory for touch The store is modality-specific

Duration of the SR Between the sensory register and short-term memory there is a filter called ‘attention’. It is believed that information that is not attended to is lost very quickly According to research, iconic memory has a very short frequency, maybe up to ½ a second (500 milliseconds). It is a little longer in echoic memory, with information remaining for about 3 seconds. Iconic memory is thought to cause the impression of an illuminated line when you wave a sparkler on bonfire night, you can even spell out someone’s name.

Class Experiment I will press the start button. You need to stare at the blue cross on screen. A table of 12 letters and numbers will appear for 50 milliseconds (a blink of an eye). You then need to write down as many of the letters and numbers as you can. Ready?

Start

F Y W B K P T G Q S M L

Write down as many as you can! F Y W B K P T G Q S M L How many did you get?

Class Experiment We will now repeat this again. However this time after the grid has gone I will say ‘high’, ‘middle’ or ‘low’. You need to recall only the letters in the row I specify. High Middle Low

Start

S P J F S M H Q D Y T R

Write down as many as you can! How many did you get?

What did we find out? Did you recall a larger percentage of correct items when you had to recall the whole grid or just one row? What do you think this experiment is testing? What do you think it shows or suggests?

Sperling (1960): Sensory Memory If you got approximately 3 items from the row, that suggests that you took in 9+ from the whole array. . . but they fade faster than you can write them down. Sperling conducted this experiment. Participants saw a grid of digits for 50 milliseconds. They were either asked to write down all 12 items, or that they would hear a tone immediately after and they would have to recall that particular row.

Evidence for the Sensory Store Sperling (1960) 7 X B 1 L 4 V 5 W F 3 7 Whole Thing = 5 items recalled about 42% One Row = 3 items recalled about 75% High Tone Medium Tone Low Tone

Sperling (1960): So what does this suggest? Theoretically participants should have been able to remember 4 items from a row, however approximately only 3 were remembered. This suggests that sensory memory cannot hold information for long. The briefly shown information faded from memory before it could be recalled Information decays rapidly in the sensory store! This supports the existence of a sensory store!

Task: In your packs draw and fill in as much of the grid below (main) CODING DURATION CAPACITY Sensory register Short term memory Long term memory Extension Identify a study that investigated the STM 10 sec) Identify a study that investigates the LTM (10 sec)

Complete Coding, Capacity and Duration of the SR CODING DURATION (form) (how long) CAPACITY (how much) Iconic, echoic, other Iconic-1/2 s Very large acoustic 7 items (Main) Sensory register Short term memory Long term memory Echoic-3 s semantic 15 -30 seconds A life time unlimited

Plenary: ABC How well do you know the Model? You will be put in groups of three. The teacher will decide who is ABC A holds the key terms B talks for one minute about the MSM and A ticks off the key terms used. • C then talks for a further minute and tries to fill in any gaps. • A then reads out the words missed and you define together. • • •

Describe the MSM 1. Information flows through a number of separate unitary storage systems in a linear fashion 2. There are three main storage systems 3. Each stage differs in terms of: 4. Coding – the form in which the information is stored 5. Capacity – how much information can be stored 6. Duration – how long information can be stored for 7. Information can remain in short-term memory by maintenance rehearsal, and such repetition will create a long term memory 8. The more information is rehearsed, the better it is remembered 9. Information can be lost from each store, but in different ways

Now it is your turn…Home Activity – VESPA – Effort-practice • Working on your own or with a friend create all the constituent parts of the MSM. • The parts can be made out of anything you can lay your hands on • Research the three stores and provide detail for each one. • Put this all together like a jigsaw puzzle • Take a picture of this for your notes and bring in to college next Wednesday • Have fun!

Example of model

Exam question completion • • • Page 7 of workbook Need support? Use key term sheet ABC sheet Diagram Sentence starter?

MSM Lesson 5

Objectives • Evaluate the MSM • Apply knowledge to an exam question on Coding, capacity and duration and the MSM

Starter: exam focus Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks)

Find the errors Find the 11 mistakes: Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks) The WMM suggests that there are three separate stores: The sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information first passes through the sensory register, where it can be stored for between 15 and 30 seconds. If the information is not attended to, it is likely to be forgotten. There a number of different types of sensory register depending on the sense from which the information is received. Visual information is stored in echoic memory, and auditory information is stored in iconic memory. If information is attended to, it is passed into STM where it will last for up to 5 minutes without rehearsal. In STM, it is believed that an average of 8 (plus or minus 3) items can be stored, although much is lost through displacement. It is also believed that information is mainly coded acoustically. After maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred into LTM, where it has an unlimited duration, a limited capacity and information is mainly encoded visually. Forgetting is thought to occur through the decay of information if it is not used or retrieval failure. To retrieve information from LTM, it must be sent back into STM, and these decisions are governed by the central executive.

Improve the answer What would the right information be? Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks) The WMM suggests that there are three separate stores: The sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information first passes through the sensory register, where it can be stored for between 15 and 30 seconds. If the information is not attended to, it is likely to be forgotten. There a number of different types of sensory register depending on the sense from which the information is received. Visual information is stored in echoic memory, and auditory information is stored in iconic memory. If information is attended to, it is passed into STM where it will last for up to 5 minutes without rehearsal. In STM, it is believed that an average of 8 (plus or minus 3) items can be stored, although much is lost through displacement. It is also believed that information is mainly coded acoustically. After maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred into LTM, where it has an unlimited duration, a limited capacity and information is mainly encoded visually. Forgetting is thought to occur through the decay of information if it is not used or retrieval failure. To retrieve information from LTM, it must be sent back into STM, and these decisions are governed by the central executive.

The correct answers Outline the multi-store model of memory (6 marks) The multi-store model of memory (MSM) suggests that there are three separate stores: The sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and longterm memory (LTM). Information first passes through the sensory register, where it can be stored for between 1/2 and 3 seconds. If the information is not attended to, it is likely to be forgotten. There a number of different types of sensory register depending on the sense from which the information is received. Visual information is stored in iconic memory, and auditory information is stored in echoic memory. If information is attended to, it is passed into STM where it will last for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. In STM, it is believed that an average of 7 (plus or minus 2) items can be stored, although much is lost through displacement. It is also believed that information is mainly coded acoustically. After maintenance rehearsal, information is transferred into LTM, where it can last up to a life time, an unlimited capacity and information is mainly encoded semantically. Forgetting is thought to occur through the decay of information if it is not used or retrieval failure. To retrieve information from LTM, it must be sent back into STM.

Evaluate the MSM To help when evaluating models and theories… we can use the acronym CASTLES