BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY SPORT ACADEMY SPORT SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY SPORT ACADEMY SPORT SCIENCE DEPARTMENT ADAPTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Phed 212) LECTURE PPT 2012 E. C

Course Contents Chapters Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Classifications and Characteristics of Disability Chapter 3 Disability and Physical Exercise Chapter 4 Inclusive Physical Education Chapter 5 Communication in APE &Sports Chapter 6 Organization and Administration of Sports for People with Disabilities

UNIT-1 1. Introduction -Define the following terminologies Ø Disability ØPerson with Disability ØPhysical Activity ØExercise ØPhysical Education ØAdapted physical education ØSpecial physical education Ø Corrective physical education ØAdapted physical educator

v. Disability-is an obstacle/s v. Person with Disability -an individual with physical, social or psychological variations that significantly interfere with normal growth and development. v. Physical Activity -means movement of the body that uses energy. -movement that enhance health -any body movement that works our muscles and requires more energy than resting. Eg. Walking, running, dancing. . . -any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Exercise -is a type of physical activity that is planned and structured. Eg. Wt lifting, aerobics, playing on sports team.

contd. . Physical Education -is the process of education that concerns activities that develop and maintain the human body. -a learning process designed to foster the development of motor skills, health related physical fitness , knowledge and attitudes relative to physical activity through a series of carefully planned and conducted experiences. -is learning experiences help students to understand how humans moves, and how to execute movements safely, effectively and efficiently.

contd. . . Adapted Physical Education -is the art and science of developing, implementing, and monitoring a carefully designed physical education instructional program for a learner with a disability based on a comprehensive assessment, to give the individual the skills necessary for a life time or rich leisure, recreation, and sport experiences to enhance physical fitness and wellness. -is physical education, which has been adapted or modified, to meet the need of individuals with disability. -known as special physical education

contd… Corrective Physical Education -an activity designed to habilitate or rehabilitate deficiencies in posture or mechanical alignment of the body. Adapted Physical educator Is a qualified person who is capable to conduct physical education class for students with disability

Values of Physical education Like other discipline, it has. . its own value for human being. These are: ü to attain an optimal level of health and wellbeing and to lead high quality of life or ü to achieve wellness, which is an optimal state of health and wellbeing.

Instructional Goals of Physical Education 1) Cognitive development Ø related with the acquisition of knowledge which is important outcome of physical education Ø development of knowledge encompasses the learning of rules, regulations, strategies, safety measures, problem solving, critical thinking and analytical skills. 2) Psychomotor development -related with the acquisition of and reinforcement of motor skills (physical fitness)

Contd… -the components are : a/ Health related physical fitness: -these are cardiovascular, strength, endurance, flexibility and body composition b/ Skill related physical fitness: - these are speed, agility, power, balance, coordination and reaction time 3) Affective development -related with the development of psychosocial, emotional and moral reasoning. -formulation of values, interest, attitudes, cooperation, fair play courtesy, responsibility, acceptance and appreciation of one’s effort and ability

Historical Background of Disability and APE q The existence of impairment and disability is parallel with the existence of human kind q And the reasons are: Ø Life giving process (gestation & birth) Ø Natural disasters (like earth quakes, tsunami, accidents of all kind violent aggression, wars…. ) Ø The process of life and aging 1/18/2022 11

Primitive Society and Disability q At this time every movement were to get or fulfil basic needs. q As a result defective or disabled children were perished at an early age b/c of their inability to overcome the rigors of primitive society strenuous existence. 1/18/2022 12

cont… Eg- Civilized Greek –fathers were forced to perished their babe. - Rome or during the Roman impair face the same suffering. 1/18/2022 13

Middle Age and Disability q At this time some of them might have social acceptance when the others not. q The attitude of the society was related with superstition and fear q ‘’ Mental and physical disabilities are caused by SATAN and considered as a result of EVIL’’ q So that handicapped –either harshly treated or carefully avoided. 1/18/2022 14

…cont q After WW I & II special attention was given for veterans to rehabilitate their life by giving: ØPhysical therapy ØOccupational therapy ØCorrective therapy 1/18/2022 15

…cont q Then after in 1952 - the committee on Adapted Physical Education of the America Association of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (APEAAHPERD) adopted a resolution to accommodate children with disabilities in physical education programs of diversified developmental activities designed specifically to meet their individual needs. 1/18/2022 16

Modern Time and Disability q. The time of good opportunity– 1960 s –Special note is the emphasis of the time, on support for measures to improve education for the disabled. – The creation of the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (BEH) has singular importance. 1/18/2022 17

…cont Ø 1970 - The meeting of Adapted Physical Educators Ø The commitment to individuals with disability was strengthened, when a group of Adapted Physical Educators dedicated to providing appropriate programs for students with disability met in Washington DC. 1/18/2022 18

…cont • Purpose of meeting: Ø To define what constitutes appropriate physical education for persons with disabilities. Ø To develop strategy for ensuring that physical education was identifying for disabled 1/18/2022 19

…cont • 1973 - The National Consortium for Physical Education and Recreation for Individuals with Disabilities (NCPERID) was formed. Purpose: ü To promote, stimulate and encourage significant service delivery, quality professional preparation, and meaningful research in physical education and recreation for individuals with disabilities. ü Has played a major role in shaping the direction of the adapted physical education profession. 1/18/2022 20

cont… • 1975 - The actual history of adapted physical education began with the implementation public law (PL 94 -142). • And continue……. 1/18/2022 21

Summery on Modern Time APE q Generally in modern time major improvements have seen. These are: – All Handicapped children are secure in their right to quality education through Individualized Education Program (IEP). – Changes of attitude towards the employment of the handicapped over the years have helped to improve their status. 1/18/2022 22

Disability in Ethiopia Reading Assignment -Past , present and future …. . trends of disability in Ethiopia Individual Activity-1 -What was your practice in treating students with disabilities in physical education classes (from elementary to high school level)? - Were they active enough or passive throughout the semesters or years? 1/18/2022 23

Individual Activity-2 Assess the past and current trends and future perspectives of disability in Ethiopia A. Disability and the attitude of the Society B. Disability and Job opportunity and placement in Governmental and non-governmental organizations. C. Disability and Schools (elementary to preparatory schools) mainly on physical education programs. D. Disability and Higher institutions E. Disability and Ministry of Youth and Sport (higher to lower level) F. Problems of individuals with disabilities -In the home - Elementary schools -High school& preparatory schools -Higher institutions -Working areas

Understanding the Handicapped / Individuals with disablity/. . ? Those individuals with disabilities have their own right like others -equal access to education - “ “ “ employment - “ “ “ parent hood - “ “ “ property ownership - “ “ “ political right - “ “ “ legal representations and so on…. 1/18/2022 25

Barriers q Attitudinal q. Social q. Cultural q. Economical q. Environmental 1/18/2022 26

Unit 2 Classifications and Characteristics of Persons with Disability Mainly disabled conditions /impairments are classified in to four. 1 -Physical Disability 2 -Mental Disability 3 -Social Disability 4 -Double or multiple Disabilities 1/18/2022 27

1. Physical Disability - A type of disability which affects the use of the body as a result of deficiencies of: ünerves, ümuscles, übones and ü joints. 1/18/2022 28

…cont The main sources are: Ø Neurological –related with CNS Ø Orthopedic- deformities, diseases & of the bones and joints Ø Traumatic – damage to muscles, ligaments, tendons or NS 1/18/2022 29

Sub-classifications 1. 1. Orthopedic Handicap q hinder motor & locomotor functions of body and limbs. These are: a) Disorder that immobilize lower limbs i/ Traumatic spinal cord injuries -damage of the vertebrae, ligaments and disks of the Spinal Column/cord ii/ Spinal bifida- a birth defect of backbone (spinal column) 1/18/2022 30

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…cont b) Disorder that limits Ambulation (ability to walk) • These are– Congenital hip dislocation/CHO/ - abnormal formation of the hip joint during early age. – Talipes (clubfoot)-a condition that can affect one/both feet from foot. – Osteochondrosis –othopedic disease of the joint which affect normal bone growth. – Legg-calve-perthes disease – Osgood schlatter disease– Epiphysiolysis– Leg amputation 1/18/2022 32

…cont c) Disorder that affects other body movement (affect body movement but do not necessarily impose limitations on locomotion) -Wryneck- neck deformity -Scoliosis-twisting/bending of vertebrae -Spondylitis- disorder of spinal column -Spondyloses-disorder of spinal column -Arm amputation 1/18/2022 33

Orthopedic Disability Images 1/18/2022 34

1. 2. Cerebral Palsy It is: ü a condition rather than a disease. ü a non-progressive lesion of the brain before, during and soon after birth. ü -impairs voluntary movement and posture. Ø Major types are. I. Based on Severity level a. Mild –moves without assistance - b. Moderate- need braces, medication and adaptive technology. c. Severe-totally dependent, has significant challenge and requires wheelchair 1/18/2022 35

Cont… II. Based on Motor Function a) Spasticity -an abnormal increase in muscle tone/stiffness of muscle. b) Athetosis -an abnormal muscle contraction (eg. Impairing speech ) c) Ataxia -the loss of full control of bodily movements (lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements) d) Ridigity - prematurity of muscle e) Tremor- an involuntary , somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation.

Cont… III. Based on Topographical classifications a. Monoplegia –paralysis of single limb. b. Diplegia-paralysis of two limbs, upper or lower c. Triplegia –paralysis of three limbs (one arm & both legs) d. Quadriplegia-involvement of four limbs e. Hemiplegia –one arm & one leg on the same side of the body f. Paraplegia -only the legs are involved

Cont…

1. 3. Muscular weakness -abnormal muscular weakness -these are: a) Muscular dystrophy- inherited and result the deterioration of muscle strength, power &endurance. -cause unknown b) Multiple Sclerosis-the most common chronic disease of NS, attack F than M -cause unknown c) Myasthenia Gravis- relatively chronic and progressive d) Polymyositis -a condition marked by inflammation and degeneration of skeletal muscle throughout the body 1/18/2022 39

Cont…

1. 4. Sensory Impairments These are : 1. Visual Impairment 2. Auditory /Hearing Impairment 3. Dual sensory impairment 1/18/2022 41

1. Visual Impairment q impairment which is related with the individuals who lose their vision totally or partially. q Acuity (sharpness of Vision) is type of measurement which used to identify the level of visual impairments. This is measured by standing of 20 ft from a snellen chart and reading its lines of progressively smaller prints.

Snellen chart- a chart for vision testing on which are printed rows of letters and numbers in decreasing size from top to bottom Based on this acuity measure educators designate five categories of visual impairments. These are: - No. 1 Catagory Legal Blindness Acuity meas. 20/200 Descriptions Ability to see at 20 ft what the normal eye sees at 200 ft. (i. e 1/10 or less than normal vision). 2 Travel Vision 5/200 -10/200 Ability to see at 5 ft- 10 ft what the normal eye sees at 200 ft. 3 Motion Perception 3/200 -5/200 Ability to see at 3 ft-5 ft what the normal eye sees at 200 ft. This ability is limited almost entirely to motion. 4 Light Perception Less than 3/200 Ability to distinguish a strong light at a distance of 3 ft from the eye but inability to detect movement of the hand at the same distance. 5 Total Blindness Lack of visual perception Inability to recognize a strong light shown directly in to the eye

N. B Legally blind individuals have considerable usable vision. Sport Classifications of US Association for Blind Athletes (USABA) and International Blind Sports Association Classificatio Descriptions ns B 1 No light perception in either eye up to light perception and inability to recognize the shape of a hand in any direction and at any distance. B 2 Ability to recognize the shape of a hand up to avisual acuity of 2/60 and /or a limitation of field vision of 5º B 3 2/60 -6/60 (20/200) vision and/or field of vision between 5º and 20º

Causes of Visual Impairment 1. Birth defects like: Ø Congenital Cataracts Ø Optic Nerve Disease Ø Retinopathy (Retinopathy of prematurity because of poor regulation of oxygen in Incubators 2. Infectious Diseases- Rubella and Syphilis (prenatal influences) 3. Existing conditions - Diabetes , Accidents, Injuries, Poisoning, Tumor and so on……

2. Auditory /Hearing impairment q a condition which is related with hearing loss partially or totally q affects children and adults Mainly classified as: a. Deafness means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, which adversely affects a child’s educational performance. b. Hard of Hearing means impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness in this section.

Cont… § Decibel loss- is a measurement of hearing loss. Ø Based on the result of the measurement hearing impairment can be categorized as follows.

Classification I No Classification Decibel loss Mild hearing loss 15 -30 dbl Moderate hearing loss 31 -60 dbl Sever hearing loss 61 -90 dbl Profound hearing loss 91 -120 dbl Total hearing loss 121+ dbl Difficulty

Classification II No Classification Decibel loss Difficulty Slight 25 -40 dbl Whispered speech Mild 41 -54 dbl Normal speech at distance greater than 3 -5 ft Marked/Moderate 55 -69 dbl Understanding loud or shouted speech at close range; group discussions. Severe 70 -89 dbl Understanding speech at close range , even when amplified Profound 90+dbl Hearing most sounds, including telephone rings and musical instruments.

Classification III No Classification Decibel loss Difficulty Mild 20 -30 dbl Speech is usually normal even without special instrument. Not disadvantaged Marginal 31 -40 dbl Cannot hear normal speech from distance of 3 ft. Moderate 41 -60 dbl Individuals can hear only loud sound. Required special speech training Severe 61 -75 dbl Can hear loud sounds but not loud conversational tones &need special training. Profound >75 Are for all practical purposes deaf. Some may hear Loud sounds at very close range, but unable to distinguish differences in sounds and so the sounds are meaningless to them.

Causes of Hearing impairments 1. Brain infections such as – Meningitis – Brain fever – Sleeping sickness etc 2. Communicable diseases such as - scarlet - measles –influenza and others

3. Dual sensory Impairments /Deaf –Blind/ q It is losing of both hearing and visual ability(suffer from loss of both sight and hearing). q It cannot be accommodated in special educational programs. Causes v Most common causes are congenital defects and others are accidents and infectious diseases like meningitis and rubella.

1. 5. Cardiopathic Conditions -These are heart /disorder/ problems which may affect all age level of individuals. -Classifications are: a) Organic –definite lesion exists on the heart or other parts of the cardiovascular- renal system. b) Functional- no lesion , but the presence of 1/18/2022 disturbance in function. 53

Emergency Care for Cardiac Condition The steps are: o comfortable position o loose tight clothing o give plenty of air/ ventilation o refer/ call Doctor 1/18/2022 54

Classification of patients with CC a) Mild b) Moderate c) Limited/Sever 1/18/2022 55

1. 6. Respiratory Disorder § A disorder which is related with: -inadequate ventilation of lungs -insufficient supply of oxygen and the retention of carbon dioxide in the body. Causes -loss of elasticity of breathing mechanisms -muscular weakness -increased resistance to the flow of air -increases thickness or destruction of air sacs of lungs or -combination of both. 1/18/2022 56

Types a) asthma b) hay fever c) emphysema d) chronic bronchitis e) cystic fibrosis **Tuberculosis** can be treated by medication. 1/18/2022 57

1. 7. Nutritional Disturbance • Gaining or loosing of abnormal weight due to malnutrition expose people for health problems. 1/18/2022 58

2. Mental Disability 2. 1 Mental Retardation q. Refers to significantly sub average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. q. Interchangeably used terms for those individuals who are incapable of achieving normal mental growth are: -mentally deficit - mentally retarded -mentally handicapped

Classifications 1)The American Association of Mental Retardation classify as follows based on IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test results. Not Classifications Stanford Binet Wechsler 1 Mild 68 -52 69 -52 2 Moderate 51 -36 54 -40 3 Sever 32 -20 39 -25 4 Profound 19 &below 24& below *This Implies that the inverse relationship between IQ value and the level of Mental Retardation

cont… 2) Educators frequently classify Mental retardation into three groups. These are: No Classifications IQ 1 Educable 75 -50 2 Trainable 49 -30 3 Totally Dependent 29&below

Cont… 1) Totally dependent - those who b/c of the severness of the cases, are incapable of being trained for economic usefulness, social participation or total self-care. 2) Trainable- those mentally retarded who have some potential for learning to care their personal needs, social adjustment in group and economic usefulness. 3) Educable – those who have difficulty of learning equal with their peers but who are capable of learning some academic skills.

Cont… Causes of Mental Retardation -the causes can be any condition that hinders the development Ø Before birth / prenatal/ Ø During birth / natal/ Ø In the early childhood years/postnatal/ -According to American Ass. of Mental Retardation causes are classified in to 10 (Fait pp 218)

2. 2. Learning Disabilities -a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological process involved in understanding or using language , spoken or written, which may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speech, write, spell, or perform mathematical calculations. -It includes such conditions: üPerceptual disability üBrain injuries üMinimal brain dysfunction üDyslexia/ reading problem/ üDevelopmental aphasia/ lack of language ability as a result of brain damage/

Cont… -It doesn’t include: ØVisual, hearing or motor/physical/ disabilities ØMental retardation ØEmotional disturbance ØEnvironmental, cultural , or economical disadvantages

Cont… Causes -Neurophysiologic differences -Sensory input processing -Problem of processing information -Language differences -Memory deficits -Short attention span

2. 3 Behavioral Disorder -abnormal behavior -typically develop in childhood or adolescence -chronic patterns like : Ø aggression Ø defiance Ø disruption Ø hostility Ø strong opposition, Ø anger… -The problem raised from –home, school, work place etc… -Specific cause is not known.

Cont… - Factors are: - genetic - child abuse -family history - fetal exposure to tobacco or drug -lack of supervision - environment -economy( jobless, under employment) v Behavioral disorder in sports includes doping, miss behavior during game etc…

3. Social Disability These are : -unable to communicate /having poor communication/ interaction with family, peers, neighbors, staff, etc… -performing activities not to spend time with other people -socially discriminated/ isolated Causes ØSocio-economical (sociological and economical) factors -poverty -unemployment & under employment -crime, violence -crauded &substandard housing (homelessness) - marginalization ØPsychosocial factors -family disintegration -cultural disintegration & confusion -racism & secularization

4. Dual/Multiple Disability -having more than one type of disability from the above three major classifications Cause -disease, injuries, accidents….

Unit-3. Disability and Physical Exercise Philosophy of APE Philosophy is foundational • All individuals at all ages can benefit from physical activity. • All individuals can learn when adaptations are incorporated into instruction. • All individuals deserved access to high-quality instruction that enhances self esteem and contributes to a healthy lifestyle. 1/18/2022 71

Purpose and Goals of APE Why Phed. for persons with disabilities? -Social interaction and integration -Physical rehabilitation -Gives empowerment/ develop self confidence -Awareness-raising- discover new abilities and capacities. etc…

Goals of APE 1. Cognitive domain goals -play and game behaviours -perceptual motor function and sensory integration -creative expression 2. Psychomotor domain goals -motor skills and patterns -physical fitness 1/18/2022 -leisure time skills 73

cont… 3. Affective domain goals -positive self concept -social competency -fun/ tension release 1/18/2022 74

Designing Adapted Physical Activity The service delivered in APA delivery system depends up on : - the philosophy of the school - residential facilities - agency that employ the teacher etc… 1/18/2022 75

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The services and the steps are: Advocacy and Coordination 1. Planning 2. Assessment 3. Prescription & placement 5. Evaluation 4. Teaching Counselling Coaching 1/18/2022 77

cont… Advocacy and coordination of resources are the two umbrella services. Purpose of assessment in APE A-screening –done at the beginning and to identify based on their abilities in d/t skills B-Diagnosis and Placement- deep asst. to determine placement and special services needed. 1/18/2022 78

cont… C- Instruction and Students Progress -continuous follow up or assessment - needs strong record keeping D- Sport and activity classification To categorize based on medical condition and functional capacity 1/18/2022 79

Didactical Principles Applied in Physical Education “Didactic” – a Greek word, meaning-the correct way of learning 1) Awareness-every activity should be clear enough (objective) -the learners should be considered 2) Systematic -the subject matter must be presented with the necessary methodological sequences ü ü Easy to difficult Elementary to complex activity Basic to variations Known to unknown 3) Simplicity –every activity should be suitable with age, sex, capacity, etc…. of the learners.

Cont… 4) Visualization and Demonstration -learning totally depends on our sense organs -demonstration is necessary to identify the basic elements of the activity 5) Sound knowledge -the knowledge’s delivered should always be durable, lifelong, applied in daily life. 6) Motivation is central (heart) to the process of teaching and learning 7) Learning is highly individualized

Adaptation of Physical Exercises In the process of selecting and adapting physical exercise to the type of disability, age, interest, degree of disability and the type of disability should be taken into account. Adaptation can be made basically on: A. Rule of the games -size of the court can be reduced -number of participants can be decreased or increased accordingly -size and weight of the ball -height of the net can be lowered

Contd… B. Part of the body used in the activities -according to the type of disability a part or parts of the body affected by the problem can be excluded from taking. C. The nature of the exercise - modifying FITT of the exercise D. The environment (indoor or outdoor activities) -using different supportive devices to facilitate their participation

Contd… E. Equipment - Specially designed equipment are used based on the type and level of disability. F. The methods - physical activities development proceeds from simple to complex. -involve students in activities when they are ready. -providing large rest time in between activities - providing feedback and motivation

Techniques of Teaching 1. Verbalization 2. Visualization 3. Kinaesthetic 1/18/2022 85

Facilities and Equipments for APE • Individual Work 1. Think about the modification of equipment and facilities for students with various type of disability in different physical activities/sports. 1/18/2022 86

Activity Select appropriate physical activity for people with disabilities and fill the following space. 1. Type of disability----- 2. Type of physical exercise/ performance------- 3. Specific exercises------- 4. General adaptations or modifications----- 5. Importance. ------(Physical, Mental & Social) 1/18/2022 87

Attributes of Special Physical education Teachers The APE Teachers are expected to possess the following attributes. A) Emotional maturity-to analyse things B) Patience and sense of humour -for progress often proceeds very slowly C) Creativity-to made modifications D) Organizational ability -ability to plan class procedures and activities E) Great Enthusiasm- the commitment of the teacher. 1/18/2022 88

Unit -4 Inclusive Physical Education Concepts of inclusion? Activity Define the following terminologies – Inclusion – Exclusion – Integration – Segregation 1/18/2022 89

Cont… Inclusion: - Is collaboration or education system open to all learners regardless of their impairments. -Requires shift attitude of all personnel, parents, physical educators and all students. 1/18/2022 90

Definition of Inclusion in Physical Education q Inclusion in Physical Education means that students with disabilities participate in all activities equally with typical students. q Students with disabilities learn the same curriculum content, with the same lesson objectives, in the same space, with the same assessments as all other students. Modifications are added when needed.

Cont… But, it is not : ü Being a score keeper ü An observer ü Working only on the side lines on a different skill ü Being only a follower and not a leader ü Being viewed as low skilled or unable.

Philosophy of Inclusion q Allows every individuals to feel acceptance, valued and safe 1/18/2022 93

Benefits of inclusion q The use of cooperative learning strategies results in, for students with and without disabilities, increased social skills, greater communication skills, the development of problem-solving skills, and enhanced learning. 1/18/2022 94

cont… Benefits for students with disabilities – Increase social skills, making friends – Feeling of belonging and being valued – Increase motor skills – Participate in age appropriate activities – Experience success with peers 1/18/2022 95

cont… Benefits for typical students – Increased knowledge and acceptance based on the “Contact Theory”. Through frequent, meaningful and pleasant interactions, changes in attitude can occur. – Opportunity to experience adaptations – Gain respect for a range of abilities – Go beyond tolerance to acceptance and advocacy – Increase friendship 1/18/2022 96

What makes inclusion work? a) Effective instructional strategies b) Teaming and relationship building c) Vision and attitude d) Professional development e) Common planning time f) Administrative support g) Family involvement h) Accommodation and Support system 1/18/2022 97

Inclusion and Developmentally Appropriate Practice in Phed q Inclusion of learners with disabilities can be implemented in a class in which the physical educators uses developmental practices. q Make the learning more appropriate based on their –needs or interest - ability or level of performance 1/18/2022 98

The Inclusion Spectrum Model Incorporating STEP Ø Space Ø Task Ø Equipment Ø People

Necessary Skills in Inclusive Educ. Three skills that teachers need in order to work successfully in an inclusive school are 1)The ability to collaborate and team with other professionals, 2)Develop and implement strategies to accommodate diverse learners, and 3)The ability to develop solutions that will enhance the learning experiences of all children 1/18/2022 100

Strategies for Inclusion -Share your philosophy of acceptance of differences -Understand the student’s characteristics -Meet with the student before and after class -Communicate with other professionals -Use cooperative and team activities -organize all students into partners and small groups -use inclusive language and person first language -Model acceptance - Peer buddies (associates) -Offer level of game play and choice

cont… Considerations while inclusion -skills and activities must be: -age appropriate - individually appropriate (potential and level) - broken down in to small steps -interest and needs of children 1/18/2022 102

Factors Affecting Implementation of Inclusion q Necessary /significant resources: - personnel/ human resources -equipment -assistive technology…. etc 1/18/2022 103

Concerns Teacher Concerns: ü No budget to purchase equipment ü No support by other educators or the administration ü Large class sizes ü Severity of the disability ü Safety for the students with disability and for others ü Adapting activities that may not be accepted by the typical students ü Activities simplified so no one has fun or is challenged

Cont… Inclusion Implementation Concerns: ü Segregated inclusion ü Social isolation ü Overbearing (arrogant) teacher assistant ü Ineffective teacher assistant ü Content too difficult or too easy ü Peers only as tutors ü No adaptations made ü Teacher attitude or lack of strategy

Unit 5. Communication in APE &Sports What is communication? Ø is the art of successfully sharing meaningful information with people by means of an interchanging of experience. Teacher-student communication - must be two way communication -requires the students receive the information from the teacher and the teacher from the student. 1/18/2022 106

Considerations while communicating with students Asking own self : - - Do I have the students attention? - Am I explaining myself in an easily understood manner? - Has the students understood? - Do the students believe what I am telling to them? - Do the students accept what I am saying? 1/18/2022 107

Ways of Communication 1)Verbal communication 2)Non-verbal communication Communication Blocks Ø are difficulties or obstacles in communications and affect the students perception ability. Ø the teacher must consider these obstacles and the process of communication carefully. 1/18/2022 108

Categorization of Barriers to Communication 1. Language Barriers ü Language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to communication. 2. Psychological Barriers ü The psychological state of the communicators will influence how the message is sent, received and perceived. 3. Physiological Barriers ü Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state. 4. Physical Barriers ü An example of a physical barrier to communication is geographic distance between the sender and receiver(s).

Cont… 5. Systematic Barriers ü Systematic barriers to communication may exist in structures and organizations where there are inefficient or inappropriate information systems and communication channels, or where there is a lack of understanding of the roles and responsibilities for communication. 6. Attitudinal Barriers ü Attitudinal barriers are behaviors or perceptions that prevent people from communicating effectively.

Elements of Effective Communication Known as 6 Cs -Clear -Concise -Correct -Complete -Courteous / polite -Constructive 1/18/2022 111

Communication and People with Disabilities - has to be careful -can be verbal or non-verbal (depends up on the nature and level of difficulties. 1/18/2022 112

The Principles are: i. person first disabled second ii. in most cases don’t refer disability unless it is crucial to the story iii. avoid portraying the concept of superhuman iv. avoid labelling persons in to groups v. emphasize an individual, not a disability vi. avoid using emotional descriptors vii. avoid implying disease- not referred as patients or cases unless they are under medical care 1/18/2022 113

cont… Different Communications for Individuals with: - visual impairment - hearing impairment/ deaf - cognitive disabilities -mobility impairment Activity Ø Identify emotional descriptors and affirmative phrases while communicating individuals with disabilities. 1/18/2022 114

com… Using teaching aids to facilitate communication 1/18/2022 115

Unit-6 Organization and Administration of Sports for People with Disabilities Disabled /disability sports ü are sports played by person with a disability, including physical and intellectual disabilities and it is organized based on existing sports but modified to meet the needs of person with disabilities. ü Referred as adapted sports. 1/18/2022 116

cont… Historical Background q Following IIWW organized sports were introduced and developed as a key part of rehabilitation. The developmental stage Sport for rehabilitation- 1/18/2022 Sport for Recreation Sport for competition 117

…cont q. In 1980 s-Organizations began to include them in sporting events. Values -physical , social and mental rehabilitation -develop independency -economical development 1/18/2022 118

Major Groups in Disability Sports 1) Deaflympics-Deaflympic Games -organized for people with hard of hearing or deaf - known as sign sport/ world silent game 2) Paralympics-Paralympic Games -organized for those students with mobility disorder, amputee, visual and cerebral palsy condition. -governed by paralympic committee 1/18/2022 119

cont… 3) Special Olympic Games -Organized for those individuals with intellectual disability 1/18/2022 120

Paralympic Games Name -originally coined as combining “paraplegic” and Olympic -present formal explanation derived from Greek word “para” means “beside” / “alongside “ refers comp. held in parallel with the Olympic games. - officially used in 1988. 1/18/2022 121

cont… Moto – “Sprit in Motion” Symbol- contains red, blue and green colours. -these colours are most widely represented in the flags of nations 1/18/2022 122

cont… Season of competition – summer and winter Year of competition –every 4 years. Types of Sport - Individual and Team Ceremonies - opening and closing 1/18/2022 123

Deaflympic Games Moto – “Equality through sport” Symbol. Colours - yellow, blue, red and green. Season of competition – summer and winter Year of competition –every 4 years. Types of Sport. Individual and Team Ceremonies - opening and closing 1/18/2022 124

Special Olympic Games Moto – “Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me brave in the attempt”. Symbol- “stick figure”- the symbol of growth, confidence and joy. Season of competition – summer and winter 1/18/2022 125

cont… Year of competition –every 2 years. Types of Sport - Individual and Team Ceremonies - opening and closing 1/18/2022 126

Required Reference Books - Auxter D. & et al. (). Principles and Methods of Adapted Physical Education and Recreation. 9 th Edition. - Fait H. F. (1978). Special Physical Education. Adapted, Corrective, Developmental. 4 th Edition. -Meena. R. L and etal (2006). Concise Exercise Therapy. 1 st Edition. -Sherrill C. (1993). Adapted Physical Activity Recreation and Sport. 4 th Edition - Yemane G. & et al. (2011). Adapted Physical Exercise and Sport Module. Kotebe College of Teachers Education.

The End April, 2020