Bahasa Inggris untuk Profesi Informasi Responding to Written

Bahasa Inggris untuk Profesi Informasi Responding to Written Arguments Oleh TAMARA ADRIANI SUSTEYO-SALIM Berdasarkan buku ACADEMIC WRITING, Ilona Leki DEPARTEMEN ILMU PERPUSTAKAAN DAN INFORMASI FAKULTAS ILMU PENGETAHUAN BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA Depok, 2007

ANALYZING WRITTEN ARGUMENTS The following articles discuss the question of whether or not "gifted" children should be separated from regular classes and receive more accelerated instruction than average children do. 1. Kenneth Mott, a well known educator, believes that separating gifted children is better for both the gifted children and the aver age children; 2. Bruno Bettelheim, a famous child psychologist, op poses special classes for gifted children.

Before reading the entire essays 1. Read the first paragraph, the last paragraph, and the first sentence in each of the remaining paragraphs to get an overview of the essay. 2. Then read the essay through quickly. 3. Finally, read again more carefully, while marking sections you find particularly interesting, convincing, or unconvincing. 4. Write your comments in the margins, especially the examples to contribute.

Pro to Grouping the Gifted Children • I regard gifted children as those who possess some quality or in nate ability which has been recognized and identified by any number of testing and observation devices and who manifest interest and success in either physical, intellectual, or artistic pursuits. • These might be children who are gifted athletes but who have real trouble mastering academic subject matter, or students who are poor athletes but are highly intellectual "quiz kids" who knock the top off all measuring devices. "Gifted" may describe pupils of average intelligence who have exceptional ability in art or music, or it may re fer to the child with an IQ of 135 who excels in everything.

• How can we deal with these gifted? I firmly believe that we should group them as nearly as possible according to interest and ability (giftedness) and challenge them with a type of program that will help them to grow to the fullest extent of their abilities and capacities. • This grouping could take the form of special subject arrangements in the elementary grades, a situation in which a class is heterogeneously grouped most of the day but is divided at times into special interest or ability class groups for special instruction. In high school, it may take the form of grouping students in regular classes according to any number of criteria but basically those of interest and proficiency (or lack of proficiency) in various subject areas.

• One of the basic arguments against grouping the gifted is the fear of creating a caste of intellectual snobs. Similarly, some educators fear that the average and slow students would come to regard themselves as inferior. • If my definition of the gifted is accepted, then these fears are groundless. After all, the schools have grouped gifted athletes for years. Yet how many athletes regard themselves as part of an elite? Do varsity athletes look down upon other pupils as inferior? The vast majority of them apparently do not.

• Consider also the amount of "gifted grouping" in speech, music, art, and journalism. Schools have readily grouped the gifted in these areas without any apparent ill effect. To the extent of my observa tion, encouraging gifted debaters, musicians, artists, and writers to develop their special talents does not create envy or feelings of inferiority among less talented students. • If educators sincerely desire to promote individual growth and self respect, they have no grounds, as far as 1 can see, to fear any kind of grouping. The teacher, not the manner in which a class is organized, determines students' attitudes toward individual differences. Before he can hope to instill the proper attitude, however, the teacher needs to make a critical analysis of his own attitudes toward differences.

• If a group of gifted or non gifted students forms the wrong concept about themselves, the fault probably lies with the teachers, parents, or administrators. I have confidence that if teachers accept and respect individual worth, that if they challenge and spark interests in young people, the individual student will mature and grow successfully along the lines of his interests and abilities. I say, let those with similar "gifts" associate, plan, and enjoy being together. • Many educators disagree with the idea of gifted grouping because they believe that it does not affect achievement significantly. They cite pilot studies which indicate that no significant change in achievement results when children are separated into slow and accelerated classes.

• The fact is, however, that in a vast majority of pilot studies the children have been grouped only according to IQ scores, which are far from reliable, and the conclusions have been based on achievement scores which measure only mastery of factual detail. • Unfortunately, there are no reliable devices for measuring growth in such areas as creativity, attitudes, personal adjustment, latent interest and talent, and innate capability. . • My opinion, which is based on more than a decade in the classroom, is that learning skyrockets when individuals are grouped according to interest and ability and are motivated, challenged, and inspired by a type of school work that will yield some measure of success to them.

• Heterogeneous classrooms frequently produce frustration in children who are persistently unable to do the same work that most of the other children do. Frustration is also produced when bright children are not properly challenged by their school work, as is too often the case in heterogeneous classrooms. • I have little fear of gifted students' being pushed beyond their endurance, for I have faith in the ability of most teachers to recognize the limits to which any student should be pushed. On the other hand, I don't believe giftedness should be wasted away simply be cause a bright or talented student is content to proceed at what is— for him—a snail's pace or to stand at the top of a class of students with less ability.

• Several schools, with which I am familiar have experimented with grouping the gifted in a reading program. (Their regular procedure had been to have three or four reading groups in one classroom under one teacher. The teacher's time was divided among several small groups. ) • The experiment involved putting slow readers from different classrooms in one classroom, average readers from different classrooms in another class, and fast readers in still another class. Each classroom still had one teacher, but he no longer had to divide his time among several different groups. The control group consisted of a class organized and taught under the regular procedure mentioned above.

• After two years, the researchers found greater overall progress at all reading levels in the experimental group. In fact, some slow readers joined the average ones and some average ones moved up to the fast group. In this case, special ability grouping paid dividends all around. • I believe the same results could have been achieved in science, social studies, mathematics, or English. By decreasing the range of interest and/or ability levels, the teacher is able to do more toward helping individual growth.

• While I do not believe that children should be regarded as re sources to be molded to the needs of society, I do believe that as individuals they are endowed with certain characteristics and attributes—"gifts" of nature—which represent their potential success in life. Where children have certain "gifts" in common, they should be allowed to work and study together. (Kenneth Mott)

Techniques used by Writers 1. Giving examples 2. Using analogies (comparing this situation to another situation) 3. Mentioning and responding to opposing views 4. Appealing to authority (citing experts in this area who agree with the position) 5. Pointing out consequences or implications of both pro and con positions