BAHASA INGGRIS 2 TOEFL PREPARATION STRUCTURE SESSION MEETING
BAHASA INGGRIS 2 TOEFL PREPARATION (STRUCTURE SESSION) MEETING 1 PREPARED BY BRAHMA PUTRA PRATAMA
NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERN IN ENGLISH subject John and I Bob verb ate studies complement a pizza English modifier last night every day SUBJECT • Every sentence in English must have a SUBJECT. The subject may be: • a SINGLE NOUN: • Coffee is delicious. • Milk contains calcium. • A NOUN PHRASE: • The book is on the table. • That new red car is John’s. • A NOUN CLAUSE: • The man who bring an umbrella is handsome. • The car which was painted by Jonny hit the tree.
NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERN IN ENGLISH VERB • Every sentence in English must have a VERB. The verb may be: • a SINGLE WORD: • John drives too fast. • They hate spinach • A VERB PHRASE: • John is going to Miami tomorrow. (auxiliary is; main verb going) • Jane has been reading that book. (auxiliaries has, been; main verb reading) COMPLEMENT • Every sentence DOES NOT REQUIRE a COMPLEMENT (object). A complement answers the question what? or whom? • John bought a cake yesterday. (What did John buy? ) • She saw John at the movies last night. (Whom did she see at the movies? )
NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERN IN ENGLISH MODIFIER • A MODIFIER (adverb) tells the TIME, PLACE, or MANNER of the action. A MODIFIER of TIME comes LAST if more than one modifier is present. Every sentence DOES NOT REQUIRE a MODIFIER. A modifier answer the question when? where? or how? • John bought a book at the book store. (Where did John buy a book? ) • Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday. (Where was Jill swimming? When was Jill swimming? ) • He drives his car very fast. (How does he drive? ) • The milk is in the refrigerator. (Where is the milk? ) • We had dinner at seven o’clock. (When did we have dinner? )
NOUN PHRASE COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN • Countable noun : book (one book, two books, …) student (one student, two students, …) person (one person, two persons / two people, …) • person-persons/people child-children tooth-teeth • foot-feet mouse-mice man-men • woman-women advertisement-advertisements • Uncountable noun : milk (one milk, two milks, …) • sand soap physics mathematics • news mumps air politics • measles information meat homework • food economics advertising money • Some uncountable nouns may be used as countable to indicated different types. • foods (a particular type of food: spicy food, salty food, etc. )
NOUN PHRASE COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUN • Uncountable noun countable • by adding quantifier: one glass of milk, two glasses of milk, … • Some determiners : • • • With countable nouns a, an, the, some, any this, that, these, those none, two, three, … many a lot of a large number of, a great number of a few, fewer … than more … than • • • With uncountable nouns the, some, any this, that none much (usually in negatives or questions) a lot of a large amount of a little, little less … than more … than
NOUN PHRASE A, AN, and, THE • A or An singular countable nouns general statement or something which has not been mentioned previously • a book a house a university • an apple an hour an umbrella • a white umbrella a whole hour • The something which has been known or is common knowledge • The boy is my friend (the speaker and the listener know which boy) • The earth is round (there is only one earth) • Sugar is sweet (general-all sugar) • The sugar on the table is from Cuba (specific-the sugar that is on the table)
NOUN PHRASE Use THE with • • • Ocean, rivers, seas, gulfs, plural lakes • the Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes Mountains • the Rocky Mountains, the Andes Earth, moon • the earth, the moon School, colleges, universities preceded by school • the University of Florida, the College of Arts and Sciences Ordinal number before nouns • the First World War, the third chapter Wars (except world wars) • the Crimean War, the Korean War Certain countries or groups of countries with more than one word (except Great Britain) • the United States, the United Kingdom Historical documents • the Constitution, the Magna Carta Ethic groups • the Indians, the Aztecs Don’t use THE with • • • • Singular lakes • Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Mounts • Mount Vesuvius, Mount Mc. Kinley Planets, constellations • Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion School, college, universities with a proper noun • Santa Fe Community College, Stetson University Cardinal numbers after nouns • World War One, chapter three Countries preceded by New or an adjective such as a direction • New Zealand, South Africa, North Korea Countries with only one word • France, Sweden, Venezuela Continents • Europe, Africa, South America States • Florida, Ohio, California Sports • Baseball, basketball Abstract nouns • Freedom, happiness General areas of subject matter • Mathematics, sociology Holidays • Christmas, Thanksgiving
NOUN PHRASE OTHER • • With Countable Nouns With Uncountable Nouns an + other + singular noun (one more) • another pencil = one more pencil the other + singular noun (last of the set) • the other pencil = the last pencil • other + uncountable nouns (more of present the set) other + plural noun (more of the set) • other water = some more water • other pencils = some more pencils • the other + uncountable noun (all the other + plural noun (the rest of rest) the set) • the other water = the remaining • the other pencils = all remaining water pencils
NOUN PHRASE OTHER • Another and other are nonspecific; the other is specific. • Other can NEVER be plural if it followed by a noun. • I don’t want this book. Please give me another. (another = any other book – not specific) • I don’t want this book. Please give me the other. (the other = the other book – specific) • This chemical is poisonous. Others are poisonous too. (others = other chemicals – not specific) • I don’t want these books. Please give me the others. (the others = the other books – specific) • Substituting for the noun: other + one or ones • I don’t want this book. Please give me another one. • I don’t want this book. Please give me the other one. • This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are poisonous too. • I don’t want these books. Please give me the other ones. • This one and that one correct
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