Bahan Ajar ARSITEKTUR PERILAKU Prof Ir Sri Astuti
Bahan Ajar ARSITEKTUR PERILAKU Prof. Ir. Sri Astuti Indriyati, MS. , Ph. D ONLINE LEARNING UPI Y. A. I Materi – 07 PERILAKU DAN RUANG
Perilaku dan Ruang Behaviour & Space • It is crucial to consider the human dimension in architecture when designing built-environments. Psychological phenomena and building design are inter-related. Buildings, containing both people and objects, need to be designed in humanized ways that touch on lifestyle issues and new ways of thinking that reinforce the inter-relationship between architecture and patterns of human behaviour. • Pertimbangan Manusia dalam Arsitektur ketika merancang lingkungan buatan adalah SANGAT PENTING!!! • Adanya Fenomena keterkaitan antara Psikologi dan Rancang Bangunan • Maka: Bangunan berisi manusia dan objek harus dirancang dengan mempertimbangkan aspek manusia yang menyentuh issue lifestyle komunitas.
• Human behaviour is the result of a person’s own internal stimulation, followed by an effort to meet their own needs. Basic human needs are defined as those requirements that have to be met in order for an individual to survive, such as eating, drinking and security for his/her life. Cultural, social, physical/substantive as well as geographical environments contribute to the process of moulding behaviour. • On the other hand, (physical) built-environments particularly space or rooms, have strong behavioural relationships; such as in the case of spatial housing conditions which influence inhabitants’ daily behaviour and life. • In everyday life, humans behave and conduct their activities in many ways, both overtly and covertly (Purwanto 1999, p. 10). • As a result, quantifying and gathering sufficient behavioural data is important prior to any decision making processes about design. Such data is indeed essential in order to fully satisfy the needs of users, their patterns of behaviour, and standards of physiological, perceptual and social well-being. The effective use of space will also ultimately depend
• Perilaku manusia didasari atas stimulasi internal seseorang dalam upayanya memenuhi kebutuhan (basic Needs: eating, drinking and security for life). • Perilaku manusia juga dibentuk oleh budaya/culture, kondisi sosial, kondisi fisik dan lingkungan geografis. • Sebaliknya • Ruang mempengaruhi perilaku dan kehidupan seseorang. Perilaku tsb dapat “Overtly or Covertly” • This is the reason why Behaviour is needed to be considered in design • Sarwono (1995, p. 17) defines Overt behaviour as that which can be directly perceived by the five senses. Covert behaviour is that which only can be investigated by specific instruments, as they are not open to the five senses (such as motivation, attitudes, thoughts, emotions and interests).
Current Conditions of Environmental Design holds for…. ? ? • The dominant situation in modern life is individuals living in a setting which was not built for them (Boutourline 1970, p. 3). • The current design process involves three principal roles: the owner, the architect, and the regulatory government. Behavioural data is not currently developed and quantified for building or planning projects, nor is feedback a usual part of the process. The user of a building is not, with rare exception, a participant in the design process. The owner is often represented by an agent in design meetings, but the agent almost always represents the administrative staff of a building, not the served occupants (Heimsath 1977, p. 33). • Architects have attempted to construct well-built environments. However, architects work from a belief in their own intuition and experience (Sears 1985).
• There are communication discrepancies between users and environmental planners and designers (architects, planners or planologists), as there is a tendency to be committed to the knowledge of experts instead of end-user needs (Sarwono 1995, p. 115). • For many centuries, human beings have modified their environments by creating a human built world to augment natural settings. The formal process of design, which is concerned with the needs of human beings, is therefore required to anticipate this modification of their environment. The formal process of adjusting built-environments to meet human needs more effectively is called Environmental Design (Bell, Fisher & Loomis Ross 1978, p. 313).
The Importance of Human Dimension in Architecture • Architecture is a work of art and it is created to fit functional, social, cultural, technical and climate requirements. Its existence is closely linked to the daily rhythms of human life (Sidharta 1983, p. 13). • Philip R. Harris, a psychologist who explores the human side of space exploration and settlement, argues that "The humanization of space means creating not just new space technologies, transportations, and habitats, but wholly new lifestyles and ways of thinking to evolve appropriate societal and economic structures, legal and political systems, art and re-action, as well as suitable life support" (Philip R. Harris 1992, p. 58).
The Field of Design (Izumi, 1965) Power Plants Storage Plants Reservoirs Office buildings Libraries Shops & Stores Hospitals Residences Penitentiaries Human Non-Human
So………Now… What should be doing? ? ? • Kuantitifikasi , identifikasi dan pengumpulan data perilaku penting untuk desain bangunan yang dapat memperoleh User satisfaction”
What is the behavioral data? Patterns of behavioral activity meeting the activities, functions & Floor space requirement Standards of physiological meeting the minimal Standards of Physiological well-being, including climate conformance, hazard regulations Perceptual meeting the standard of particular perceptions & expectations (sensory initiations, increase level of sensory comformance) Social-well being meeting the standard of societal needs (social initiations & social isolations) “User Benefit Criteria” by Murtha emphasizes end goals: the maximisation of gains or advantages that people will realize from the use of planned environments and classified as four dimensions of user benefits (Fisher 1984, p. 283; Sarwono 1995, p. 116
Environmental Design: To response the modification of environment required as a result of lack of human needs to be considered!! • For many centuries, human beings have modified their environments by creating a human built world to augment natural settings. • The formal process of design, which is concerned with the needs of human beings, is therefore required to anticipate this modification of their environment. • The formal process of adjusting built-environments to meet human needs more effectively is called Environmental Design (Bell, Fisher & Loomis Ross 1978, p. 313).
Pattern of Behavioral Data Activities, Functions & Floor space • Behavioral Data Logs No Jam 1 4 -5 am 2 5 -6 am 3 6 -7 am Jenis Kegiatan Ruang Kegiatan Luas & Dimensi Ruang Modifikasi ruang • Data Logs: to fill-in Per Occupants • Data Logs: Hour coloumn is preferrably in hour basis) • All data logs is adviced taken from the semi-structured interview (by fill-in the form of Data Logs)
Standards of Physiological & Perceptual No Physiological needs: well-being, Climate comformance & Hazard regulations, Perceptual needs: Particular Perceptions Criteriaof rooms, Sensory systems and Expectations Value How the occupant feels about the spatial, visual, heating and air conditions of the bedroom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 The number of rooms Availability of floor space Extension of the room Flexibility of the room for its functions The shape of room for usage The natural lighting of the room The glare from windows Heating conditions of the room Freshness/stuffiness of the room air The room’s air circulation system The room’s level of humidity Visual privacy of room Conversational privacy of room Having a comfortable place to be alone Having place to store possessions Having a lock for the room Satisfaction of using the bedroom Semantic Scale 1 -------5 2. 32 2. 45 1. 08 2. 68 3. 28 4. 46 4. 45 3. 03 3. 89 4. 46 4. 63 3. 77 3. 94 1. 18 3. 24 4. 79 3. 08
Standards of Social well-being Social Initiations & Social Isolations No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Criteria Value How the occupant feels about the spatial, visual, heating and air conditions of the bedroom Semantic Scale 1 -------5 3. 43 3. 14 4. 14 2. 00 2. 57. 86 3. 43 8. 9. Layout of housing complex (Site Design) The number of block in the complex Main Entrance fo the site The availability drying yard Provision of parking areas Landscaping/Street scaping Waste Disposal provision Noise, Sagety, Security from Crime Noise from off site Noise from neighbourhood street & traffic, parking areas within complex 10. 11. 12. Noise from neighbourhood play space (yards) within complex Noise from corridor/stairs Noise from ajaccent unit/neigbours 3. 71 4. 00
Standards of Social well-being Social Initiations & Social Isolations No Criteria Value How the occupant feels about the spatial, visual, heating and air conditions of the room Semantic Scale 1 -------5 13. Circulation of all installation for the surface transportation of people, passenger car/motorcycle, good (include, garbage collection) & fire protection to/& from dwellings & between dwellings & community facilities 3. 86 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Design of safe walk Design of safe cycle ways Safe access for shools and playgrounds Play space (Outdoor/indoor) safety for children to use Play space (Outdoor/indoor) within sight & hearing distance from many units as possible for parental supervision & ro provide reassurance for child 4. 00 3. 71 3. 86 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Site lighting facility Stairs and Lift services for high density population in case of fire Stairs for escape purpose (Emergency stairs) Number of entrances in the complex to protect security Housing complex from crime Social Service & Community Facilities No of Neighbourhood Social & Commnity facilities 4. 00 3. 14 3. 43 3. 71 24. 4. 00
Standards of Social well-being Social Initiations & Social Isolations No Criteria Value Semantic Scale 1 -------5 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. How the occupant feels about the spatial, visual, heating and air conditions of the room Types of Social & Community facilities The availability of cultural & religious facilities No of Open Space Types of Open Space size to accommodate a variety ofplay activities Open Space location for frequent use Open Space design to function for leisure (sitting area in open space) Special Space designed for Social gathering Special Space designed for teenage activities Special Space designed for senior citizen activities Proximity to nearest outside social facilities Proximity to nearest outside cultural/religious, facilities 3. 43 3. 57 3. 43 3. 71 3. 14 4. 14 3. 29 3. 43 2. 43 1. 86 4. 00
Standards of Social well-being Social Initiations & Social Isolations No 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Criteria Value How the occupant feels about the spatial, visual, heating and air conditions of the room Proximity to work Proximity to nearest outside recreation centre Proximity to nearest outside health centre Proximity to nearest outside traditional market Proximity to nearest Primary School (outside) Proximity to nearest Secondary School(outside) Air Pollution Cleanliness Vandalism Accessibility to Public Transport Housing Management Maintenance for building repair (installation ex. plumbing, electricity) Semantic Scale 1 -------5 Building Improvement 4. 00 4. 14 4. 00 3. 14 3. 29 3. 86 4. 29 3. 29
Analysis • Analysis by Statistical Analysis • Ending Result : PROGRAM RUANG with concern of Behavioral Design
What is about Design does not meet the behavioral needs and Standard of Perceptual needs?
Environmental Design: To response the modification of environment required as a result of lack of human needs to be considered!! • The formal process of design, which is concerned with the needs of human beings, is therefore required to anticipate this modification of their environment. • The formal process of adjusting built-environments to meet human needs more effectively is called Environmental Design (Bell, Fisher & Loomis Ross 1978, p. 313). Called COPING BEHAVIOUR
Thank you
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