BACTERIA VIRUSES CHAPTER 18 BACTERIA BACTERIA ARE SMALL
BACTERIA & VIRUSES CHAPTER 18
BACTERIA ¡ BACTERIA ARE SMALL AND SUCCESSFUL ¡ OLDEST GROUP OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH ¡ CAN BE FOUND ALMOST ANYWHERE ON EARTH
BACTERIA ¡ CAN LIVE BENEATH 1, 200 FEET OF ICE IN ANTARCTICA ¡ 1 GRAM OF SOIL = 2. 5 BILLION BACTERIA ¡ MOST SPECIES OF BACTERIA COME IN 3 SHAPES: ¡ 1. SPHERICAL / ROUND ¡ 2. SPIRAL ¡ 3. ROD-SHAPED
BACTERIA CLASSIFIED IN KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA OR EUBACTERIA ¡ ALL BACTERIA ARE PROKARYOTES *ARE THE MOST NUMEROUS ORGANISM ON EARTH* ¡
KINGDOM: ¡ HAVE EUBACTERIA AN OUTER CELL WALL MADE OF PEPTIDOGYLCAN ¡ FOUND MOST PLACES ON EARTH ¡ MOST COMMON FORM OF BACTERIA
KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA • FOUND IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS • THREE TYPES: • 1. THERMOACIDOPHILES: LIVE IN HOT, ACIDIC, AND EXTREME TEMPERATURES (VOLCANOES) • 2. HALOPHILES: LIVE IN SALTY ENIVRONMENTS (GREAT SALT LAKE. UTAH) • 3. METHANOGENS: CANNOT LIVE IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN (IN OUR INTESTINAL TRACT, SEWAGE PLANTS, BOGS)
IDENTIFYING PROKARYOTES: All Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. ¡ To classify bacteria Scientists have used: ¡ 1. shape ¡ 2. # of cell walls- some have 2 cells walls ¡ 3. movement- Some have Flagella: made of thin filaments
1. Three general shapes: Cocci: are spherical or round ¡ Bacilli: are rod – shaped ¡ Spirilli: Spiral – shaped ¡
BACTERIA Reproduce Asexually through: ¡ BINARY FISSION: SPLITTING INTO TWO IDENTICIAL BACTERIA ¡ GENERATION TIME: IS THE TIME REQUIRED FOR A BACTERIUM TO DIVIDE ¡ IN 10 HOURS, WITH ABUNDANT FOOD, 1 BACTERIA CAN REPRODUCE THROUGH BINARY FISSION TO FORM…. . 1 BILLION BACTERIA
Because the reproduce Asexually they use……. ¡ CONJUGATION: GENETIC MATERIAL IS SHARED BETWEEN 2 BACTERIA l CONJUGATION DOES NOT INCREASE THE # OF BACTERIA- IS ONLY SHARING OF GENETIC MATERIAL
2. MUTATIONS BACTERIA REPRODUCE QUICLKY AND MUTATIONS CAN HELP THE BACTERIA SURVIVE A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT ¡ THE BACTERIA THAT HAVE MUTATIONS THAT HELP THEM SURVIVE BETTER IN THE NEW ENVIRONMENT……. . WILL SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE ¡
How Bacteria Affect Humans ¡ BENEFICIAL BACTERIA: l l l DECOMPOSERS- break down waste/garbage NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA USED TO MANUFACTURE DRUGS ¡ l BACTERIA USED TO PRODUCE INSULIN FOR DIABETICS USED TO MANUFACTURE FOOD YOGURT ¡ OLIVES ¡ CABBAGE…. …. . SAUERKRAUT ¡ CUCUMBERS…. PICKLES ¡
HOW BACTERIA AFFECT HUMANS ¡ PATHOGEN: IS A DISEASE CAUSING AGENT ¡ PATHOGENIC BACTERIA ARE HARMFUL – DESTROY HOSTS TISSUES l DAMAGE CAUSED BY DIRECT ATTACK l OR FROM TOXINS THE BACTERIA RELEASES
MODES OF TRANSMISSION ¡ BACTERIA CAN BE TRANSMITTED BY: l AIR l WATER l FOOD l INSECTS l DIRECT CONTACT
BACTERIA ¡ RESPONSIBLE FOR : l TOOTH DECAY l ULCERS l LYME DISEASE l TUBERCULOSIS l TETANUS l FOOD POISIONING
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT BACTERIA? Statistics tells us that 1 in 7 of all humans dies of tuberculosis…" Even today, ten million people suffer from the disease yearly. Every day, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, causes the death of about 4000 patients.
FOOD POISIONING ¡ ¡ E. COLI: FOUND IN OUR INTESTINAL TRACT l E. COLI SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN K FOR US l NEW STRAIN HAS CAUSED SEVERE FOOD POISIONING…. DEATH l UNDER COOKED HAMBURGER SALMONELLIA: FOUND IN MANY FOODSPOULTRY l CAUSES VOMITING, DIARRHEA AND ADDOMINAL CRAMPING
HOW WE PROTECT OURSELVES ¡ ¡ HEAT OR COLD CAN REDUCE BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION l HEAT KILLS BACTERIA l COOL – SLOWS THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA PASTEURIZATION: HEATING FOOD ENOUGH TO KILL MOST BACTERIA l KILLS BOTULISM FROM CANNED FOOD l KILLS TUBERCULOSIS
WHAT IS IN A COUGH/SNEEZE? ¡ ¡ AIR TRANSMISSION: 10, 000 - 100, 000 BACTERIA IN THE DROPLETS OF A SNEEZE OR COUGH l MOST SERIOUS AIRBORNE DISEASE IS TUBERCULOSIS (TB) ~ 3 MILLION DIE ANNUALLY l TB IS THE LEADING WORLDWIDE CAUSE OF DEATH FROM AND INFECTIOUS AGENT
3 METHODS OF CONTROLLING BACTERIA DISEASES ¡ 1. SANATIZING OUR WATER l INDUSTRIALIZED COUTRIES SANITATIZE THEIR WATER BY FILTERING AND USING CHLORINE l 25 MILLION PEOPLE DIE WORLDWIDE FROM CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER
3 METHODS OF CONTROLLING BACTERIA DISEASES ¡ 2. VACCINES: STIMULATE YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE DEFENSES AGAINST THE BACTERIA ¡ VACCINES CONTAIN DEAD BACTERIA THAT CANNOT PRODUCE ILLNESS ¡ TO BE PROTECTED FROM MANY ILLNESSES YOU MAY NEED SEVERAL DOSES OF A VACCINE
3 METHODS OF CONTROLLING BACTERIA DISEASES ¡ ¡ 3. ANTIBIOTICS: ARE USED TO TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS/ DISEASES ALEXANDER FLEMING: DISCOVERED PENICILLIN l THOUGHT HIS EXPERIMENT WAS CONTAMINATED BY MOLD l NOTICED BACTERIA DID NOT GROW WHERE THE MOLD WAS
ANTIBIOTICS SOME PREVENT BACTERIA’S CELL WALLS FROM FORMING ¡ OVER USED – CAUSING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ¡ l THE BACTERIA THAT SURVIVE RESIST THE ANTIBIOTIC AND THEN REPRODUCE. THEY PASS ON THIS RESISTANCE OCCURS WHEN ANTIBIOTICS ARE USED IMPROPERLY ……. . FOR VIRUSES ¡ OCCURS WHEN PATIENTS DO NOT TAKE THEIR FULL COURSE OF ANTIBIOTICS ¡
VIRUSES ¡ LIVING OR NONLIVING? ¡ VIRUSES HAVE GENETIC MATERIAL THAT CAN BE PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION ¡ THEIR GENETIC MATERIAL CAN EVOLVE OVER TIME ¡ LIVING? . . OR NONLIVING?
VIRUSES ¡ Viruses ¡ are NON-LIVING VIRUSES LACK 3 KEY COMPONENTS OF LIVING THINGS: l 1. NOT MADE OF CELLS l 2. CANNOT MAKE THEIR OWN PROTEINS l 3. DO NOT USE ENERGY l 4. DO NOT HAVE ORGANELLES VIRUS ORIGIN: Scientists believe that viruses were once part of a cell’s genes that developed that ability to survive on their own
VIRUSES ¡ REPRODUCE BY TAKING OVER THE HOST CELL AND MAKING IT INTO A VIRUS-MAKING FACTORY. ¡ USES 2 CYCLES: ¡ 1. Lytic cycle (actively being copied) 2. Lysogenic cycle
VIRUSES 1. THE LYTIC CYCLE: THE VIRUS INFECTS THE CELL AND THE CELL THEN MAKES COPIES OF THE VIRUS. ¡ THE NEWLY PRODUCED VIRUSES LEAVE THE HOST CELL AND CONTINUE THE CYCLE BY ¡ l 1. BUDDING THROUGH THE HOST CELL WALL OR 2. BURSTING THE ENTIRE HOST CELL l SYMPTOMS USUALLY 1 TO 4 DAYS l
Viruses: 2. Lysogenic cycle: Inserts or integrates it’s viral DNA or RNA in to the host cells DNA. ¡ The infected cell will have the virus DNA or RNA permanently. ¡ The virus can remain dormant for months or years ¡ Something can trigger the virus to enter in to the lytic cycle and the person will have symptoms ¡
Virus structure: ¡ Made of: ¡ 1. proteins ¡ 2. DNA or RNA ¡ 3. Capsid: outer layer made of proteins that covers all viruses
These are actual Viruses that cause: Herpies Flu. Warts
Retroviruses: ¡ VIRUSES THAT CONTAIN RNA INSTEAD OF DNA ¡ HIV IS AN EXAMPLE OF A RETROVIRUS. ¡ HIV CAN REMAIN DORMANT FOR MONTHS OR YEARS BEFORE IT BECOMES ACTIVATED
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES ¡ CONATMINATED FOOD/WATER l l ¡ POLIO INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS INSECT/ANIMAL l l ¡ YELLOWFEVERFATAL RABIES- FATAL BODY FLUID CONTACT l l l ¡ AIDS-FATAL HPV Herpies AIR BORNE l l l MEASLES INFLUENZA CHICKENPOX SMALLPOX- FATAL RUBELLA
DEFENSES AGAINST VIRUSES ¡ VACCINATIONS- THEY ARE THE ONLY EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AGAINST VIRAL DISEASES l YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM IS INTRODUCED TO AN INACTIVATED VIRUS SO IT CAN BUILD UP IMMUNITY TO THAT VIRUS
EMERGING VIRAL DISEASES ¡ ¡ ¡ FILOVIRUSES : ARE SUCH THAT THE VIRUS CAN LIVE IN ONE HOST WITHOUT CAUSING HARM ………. BUT IF TRANSMITTED TO A SECOND TYPE OF HOST IT CAN CAUSE DISEASE FILOVIRUSES POSE A REAL THREAT WORLDWIDE EXAMPLE: EBOLA VIRUS & BIRD FLU
VIRUSES CAN CHANGE & MUTATE VACCINES ONLY ARE EFFECTIVE AGAINST VIRUSES THAT DO NOT VARY THEIR SURFACE PROTEINS IE. THEY DO NOT CHANGE ¡ HIV, COLDS, FLU VIRUSES HAVE SURFACE PROTEINS THAT VARY/MUTATE l THIS MAKE CREATING A VACCINE DIFFICULT, IF NOT, IMPOSSIBLE
QUESTION ¡SO, WHY CAN YOU GET THE FLU EVEN AFTER YOU HAVE BEEN VACCINATED AGAINST IT? ? ?
ANSWER ¡ BECAUSE THE FLU VIRUS HAS VARYING SURFACE PROTEINS. EACH TIME YOU ARE VACCINATED AGAINST THE FLU IT IS ONLY FOR ONE TYPE OF FLU VIRUS. THAT IS WHY YOU NEED TO BE VACCINATED YEARLY. THE U. S. CDC PREDICTS WHAT STRAIN OF FLU WILL BE MOST PREVELANT IN THE U. S. AND THAT IS THE TYPE OF VACCINE THAT IS MANUFACTURED.
WHY EVERYONE SHOULD BE VACCINATED SMALLPOX WAS ELIMINATED BECAUSE THE “WORLD” WAS VACCINATED ¡ SMALLPOX KILLED HALF OF ALL THOSE THAT CONTRACTED IT ¡ 1796 - VACCINE DISCOVERED ¡ 1967 10 - 15 MILLION CASES……WHO STARTED A VACCINATION PROGRAM ¡ 11 YEARS LATER SMALLPOX HAD BEEN ELIMINATED FROM THE WORLD ¡
American and Russian samples, which are kept in high-security facilities in Atlanta and Novosibirsk, to prevent them being stolen or unleashed in an accident.
¡ http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= SJo 5 p. H 2 PKm. A
- Slides: 40