Bacteria to Plants Chapter 2 Plants Introduction to

Bacteria to Plants Chapter 2 Plants

Introduction to Plants • How does the structure of a plant allow it to grow and reproduce? • What characteristics do all plants share? • Name all the things that a plant needs to live successfully on land • Compare nonvascular plants and vascular plants

Characteristics • • Autotrophs Eukaryotes Multicellular Cell Walls

Characteristics Continued • Plants are Autotrophs: – Convert sunlight into energy through process of photosynthesis – Carbon dioxide and water converted to food and oxygen • Plants are Multicellular: – Plants made of tissues (groups of cells working together) • Plant Cells: Cells contain – cell walls—provides support – chloroplasts—contain chlorophyll – vacuoles—storage containers

Survival • • • Obtain water and nutrients Retain water Transport materials within structure Support structure Reproduce

• Most plants absorb nutrients from soil • Retaining Water: waxy layer called cuticle helps to keep water inside of a plant • Transporting Material: – Water, nutrients, and food need to move to the cells – Can move cell to cell – If large amount or large distance need a transportation system (vascular tissue)

• Fertilization: sperm cell (pollen) unites with an egg cell • Zygote: fertilized egg

Vascular vs Nonvascular • Vascular: contain method of transporting materials (xylem and phloem) • Nonvascular: do not contain xylem and phloem

Classification of Plants • Non-vascular – Lack vascular tissue (tubes that carry water and nutrients) – Low-growing – No roots – Live in moist, shady environments • Vascular Plants – Have vascular tissue (tubes that carry water and nutrients) – Can grow tall – Subdivided into three groups – Seedless Vascular Plants » Reproduce with spores – Gymnosperms » Seeds without flowers or fruits (with cones) – Angiosperms » Seeds with flowers and fruits

Photosynthesis and Light • What happens when light strikes a green leaf? • What is photosynthesis?

The Nature of Light • Sun: source of Energy for the Earth • Light see from Sun is white light • White Light: made up of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet light

• When Light Strikes Objects • Plants and Light – Plants absorb some colors of light and reflect others – Most of green spectrum reflected and rest of light absorbed • Plant Pigments

• When Light Strikes Objects • Plants and Light • Plant Pigments – Light is absorbed by the plant (blue and red) – Green light is reflected: chlorophyll and leaves green – Accessory pigments: other pigments in leaves that absorb different colors of light; hidden by chlorophyll

http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/m ethuselah/photosynthesis. html

The Photosynthesis Process • Two-Parts – First: Plants capture energy from the sun – Second: Plant uses energy to produce food • Capturing Energy – Light energy is absorbed by the chloroplasts • The Chemistry of Photosynthesis – Plants need carbon dioxide and water as raw materials – Series of chemical reactions transform C 02 and H 20 to form sugar and oxygen • The Photosynthesis Equation

The Photosynthesis Process • • Two-Parts Capturing Energy The Photosynthesis Equation CO 2 + H 2 o ---- C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 • • Takes place where chloroplasts are located in the plant Energy (sugar) is used for life processes of the plant Extra sugar is stored by the plant Oxygen released into the environment

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts • What characteristics do the three groups of nonvascular plants share?

• Mosses • Liverworts and Hornworts

Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails • What are three characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

• Seedless Vascular Plants • Ferns • Club Mosses and Horsetails

Vascular Plants Seedless Reproduce with spores Example: ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms “Naked Seeds” Reproduce without protective fruits Example: pine “Covered Seeds” Reproduce with flowers and seeds covered by fruits Example: Apple