BACTERIA Kingdom Monera Eubacteria peptidoglycan Archaebacteria Methanogens Thermophiles

BACTERIA

Kingdom Monera Eubacteria (peptidoglycan) Archaebacteria Methanogens Thermophiles Swamps, Intestines Halophiles Hydrothermal Vents Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Salt Lake, Utah

CHARACTERISTICS � Prokaryotes � Microscopic � Unicellular � DNA is a single circular piece of DNA � Asexual Reproduction � � Binary Fission Metabolism � � (Eukaryotic cells are at least 10 x bigger) Aerobic Anaerobic

� Genetic Exchange Conjugation –transfer DNA through contact � Transformation – acquire DNA from dead bacteria � Transduction – DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another using a virus (genetic engineering) �

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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!!! Bacteria have been around for 3. 5 billion years!! How? ? Cell Walls � Capsules (surrounds cell wall) � Asexual Reproduction, but can still acquire other genes � Inhabit every place on Earth �

SUPER FAST REPRODUCTION

ENDOSPORES allow them to withstand drought, high temps. , lack of food, etc.

BACTERIA ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS � Shapes Coccus : Spheres � Bacillus : Rods � Spirillum : Spirals � � Arrangements Strept : Chains � Staph : Clusters � Diplo : Pairs �

GRAM STAIN (PG. 529) � � � Gram negative Gram positive Gram + simple walls, large amount of peptidoglycan Gram - less peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides which are often toxic and provides additional protection more resistant to antibiotics Many antibiotics (penicillens) inhibit synthesis of cross links in peptidoglycan and prevent formation of a functional wall

� � � � � � � Gram Positive Organisms Aerobic, Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Staphylococcus epidermidis (fig 1) Staphylococcus sp. (Coagulase-negative)(fig 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Viridans group)(fig 1, 2, 3) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)(fig 1) Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)(fig 1, 2) Enterococcus sp. (fig 1, 2, 3 ) Aerobic, Gram-positive rods Bacillus anthracis (fig 1, 2 ) Bacillus cereus (fig 1, 2) Bifidobacterium bifidum (fig 1) Lactobacillus sp. (fig 1, 2) Listeria monocytogenes (fig 1, 2) Nocardia sp. (fig 1, 2) Rhodococcus equi (coccobacillus)(fig 1) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (fig 1) Corynebacterium diptheriae (fig 1, 2) Propionibacterium acnes (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-positive rods Actinomyces sp. (fig 1, 2) Clostridium botulinum (fig 1) Clostridium difficile (fig 1) Clostridium perfringens (fig 1, 2, 3) Clostridium tetani (fig 1, 2) Anaerobic, Gram-positive cocci Peptostreptococcus sp. (fig 1)

� � � � � Gram Negative Organisms Aerobic, Gram-negative cocci Neisseria gonorrhoeae (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) Neisseria meningitidis (fig 1; false color of the bacterium. , 2) Moraxella catarrhalis (fig 1) Anaerobic, Gram-negative cocci Veillonella sp. (fig 1) Aerobic, Gram-negative rods Fastidious, Gram-negative rods � Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (fig 1) � Acinetobacter baumannii(fig 1 really A. calcoaceticus) � Bordetella pertussis (fig 1, 2) � Brucella sp. (fig 1) � Campylobacter sp. (fig 1) � Capnocytophaga sp. (fig 1, 2) � Cardiobacterium hominis (fig 1) � Eikenella corrodens (fig 1) � Francisella tularensis (fig 1, ) � Haemophilus ducreyi (fig 1, 2) � Haemophilus influenzae (fig 1, 2) � Helicobacter pylori (fig 1, 2, 3, 4) � Kingella kingae (fig ) � Legionella pneumophila (fig 1, 2, 3) � Pasteurella multocida (fig 1) Enterobacteriaceae (glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods) � Citrobacter sp. (fig 1) � Enterobacter sp. (fig 1) � Escherichia coli (fig 1, 2) � Klebsiella pneumoniae (fig 1, 2) � Proteus sp. (fig 1) � Salmonella enteriditis (fig 1) � Salmonella typhi (fig 1) � Serratia marcescens (fig 1, 2) � Shigella sp. (fig 1) � Yersinia enterocolitica (fig 1) � Yersinia pestis (fig 1, 2) Oxidase-positive, glucose-fermenting Gram-negative rods � Aeromonas sp. (fig 1) � Plesiomonas shigelloides (fig 1) � Vibrio cholerae (fig 1, 2) � Vibrio parahaemolyticus (fig 1) � Vibrio vulnificus (fig 1) Glucose-nonfermenting, Gram-negative rods � Acinetobacter sp. (fig 1) � Flavobacterium sp. (fig 1) � Pseudomonas aeruginosa (fig 1, 2) � Burkholderia cepacia (fig 1) � Burkholderia pseudomallei (fig 1) � Xanthomonas maltophilia or Stenotrophomonas maltophila(fig Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods Bacteroides fragilis (fig 1) Bacteroides sp. (fig 1) Prevotella sp. (fig 1) Fusobacterium sp. (fig 1, 2) Gram-negative spiral Spirillum minus (minor)- (fig 1) 1)

NUTRITION � Autotrophic Photosynthetic � Chemoautotrophic (nitrogen fixers) � � Heterotrophic Decomposer � Parasitic (Treponema pallidum) �

BACTERIA ARE USED TO PRODUCE MEDICINES INSULIN

FIRST COMMERICAL USE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING: INSULIN

� Important Recyclers in environment � Nitrogen cycle

� Bacteria can produce chemicals � Acetone, Butanol

� Bacteria are used to make food � Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough bread, beer, wine

� Bacteria cause disease � � Produce toxins (Clostridium botulinum) Metabolize their host (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

History of Microbiology • • • 1664: Robert Hooke - microscope 1684: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - microorganisms 1798: Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccination 1864: Louis Pasteur - spontaneous generation 1884: Robert Koch - Koch’s postulates 1889: Martinus Beijerink - concept of virus 1929: Alexander Fleming - discovery of penicillin 1977: Carl Woese - discovery of Archaea 1981: First reports of AIDS 1983: Luc Montagnier - discovery of HIV 1995: Craig Venter - complete genome sequence