Background Introduction Learning module developed by K Langin

Background, Introduction Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 1

Background, Demography Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 2

Black-throated Blue Warbler nest with 4 eggs (photo by S. Sillett). http: //hubbardbrookfoundation. org/migratory_birds/Pages/Background/Video. html Background, Predation Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 3

Black-throated Blue Warbler nest with 3 nestlings (photo by N. Desnoyers). Background, Food Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 4

Young Black-throated Blue Warbler that just left its nest (photo by M. Cline). Background, Density Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 5

Map of the breeding (blue) and wintering (orange) ranges of the Blackthroated Blue Warbler (from the Birds of North America Species Account). Warbler Biology, Study Species Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 6

Female sitting on a nest to incubate her eggs (photo by N. Kovacs). Male feeding a young bird that just left its nest (photo by M. Cline). Warbler Biology, Breeding Biology Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 7

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (photo provided by the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation). Map of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, showing its location within New Hampshire (see inset) as well as the location of the "bird area" within the reserve boundaries (note dashed lines; map created by R. Holmes). Methods, Study Site Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 8

One of the many grid flags that are used to map territory boundaries and nest locations within the bird plot at Hubbard Brook (photo by S. Sillett). This particular one is "J 1. 5", meaning it is along the J line in between the 1 and 2 lines (lettered lines run perpendicular to numbered ones). Flags occur every 25 m along these lines. Four nestlings packed into a Black-throated Blue Warbler nest (photo by N. Desnoyers). Methods, Reproduction Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 9

A Red Squirrel, one of the major predators of Black-throated Blue Warbler nests at Hubbard Brook (photo by S. Lemelin). Methods, Predators Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 10

A caterpillar found on vegetation during one of the surveys for warbler food items (photo by S. Sillett). Methods, Food and Density A male Black-throated Blue Warbler caught in a mist-net after responding to a tape recording of another male's song (photo by M. Cline). Shortly thereafter, the bird was safely removed from the net, given leg bands, weighed and measured, and released unharmed. Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 11

Reproductive success (number of young produced per pair per year) on the main study plot at Hubbard Brook from 1986 to 1999 (data from Holmes, Rodenhouse, and Sillett). Results, Reproductive Success Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 12

Reproductive success (number of young produced per pair per year) in relation to the abundance of chipmunks and red squirrels (number detected per survey hour) on the main study plot at Hubbard Brook from 1988 to 1999 (predator data were not available for 1986, 1987, and 1991; data from Holmes, Rodenhouse, and Sillett). Results, Predation Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 13

Reproductive success (number of young produced per pair per year) in relation to the availability of caterpillars (mg per 100 leaves) on the main study plot at Hubbard Brook from 1986 to 1998 (food data were not available for 1999; data from Holmes, Rodenhouse, and Sillett). Food Results, Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 14

Reproductive success (number of young produced per pair per year) in relation to the density of Blackthroated Blue Warblers (individuals per 64 ha) on the main study plot at Hubbard Brook from 1986 to 1999 (data from Holmes, Rodenhouse, and Sillett). Results, Density Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 15

The number of yearlings - or first time breeders - on the 64 ha study plot at Hubbard Brook in relation to the reproductive success of warbler pairs the previous year (yearling data were not available for 1999; data from Holmes, Rodenhouse, and Sillett). Results, Yearling recruitment Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and 16 adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012).

Representative high, mid and low elevation habitats within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (photo by N. Rodenhouse). Results, Conservation Implications Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 17

The current distribution of low-quality habitat (low food, high predators) and high-quality habitat (high food, low predators) at different elevation zones within the Hubbard Brook Valley, as well as the projected movement of low-quality habitat (red line) with a 1°C and 2°C increase in annual temperature (image by N. Rodenhouse). Results, Conservation Implications Learning module developed by K. Langin, H. Sofaer and S. Sillett for the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation (2009) and adapted by David Kukla, Associates in Learning and Leadership, Science Education Coach/Consultant (2012). 18

Predator Abundance 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Predator Abundance in Given Years PREDATOR ABUNDANCE refers to the number of chipmunks and red squirrels detected per hour, on average, during predator observations. Predator abundance data were not collected in 1986, 1987, or 1991. 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year 250. 0 200. 0 Food Abundance in Given Years FOOD ABUNDANCE refers to the biomass of caterpillars (in milligrams per 100 leaves) on the study plot during the breeding season. Food abundance data were not collected in 1999. Food Abundance 150. 0 100. 0 50. 0 Reproductive Success 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year 5. 00 4. 50 4. 00 3. 50 3. 00 2. 50 2. 00 1. 50 1. 00 0. 50 0. 00 Reproductive Success in Given Years REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS refers to the number of young that left nests ("fledged") per territory, on average. 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Year Data Comparison 19