B 7 Ecology Communities Abiotic Biotic Factors Predator

B 7 – Ecology – Communities, Abiotic + Biotic Factors, Predator/ Prey Relationship Define the terms: What do animals complete for: Population – Community. What do plants compete for: Habitat- Ecosystem. Draw a simple food chain for a lettuce, rabbit and fox: When the number of rabbits increase why does the number of foxes then increase? Define an abiotic factor: Give examples: Describe what is meant by interdependence and give an example: Define a biotic factor: Define interdependence and give an example of this. Give examples: What is a stable community? When the number of foxes increase why does this then lead to a decrease in rabbits? Why does this decrease in rabbits then lead to a decrease in foxes?

B 7– Ecology – Trophic Levels and Biomass (Biology only) Define the following keywords: Producer- Draw and label a pyramid of biomass for the following food chain: Lettuces Rabbit Fox 1) Consumer. Herbivore- Biomass Loss Give 3 ways in which biomass is lost between each trophic level: How many trophic levels are there? 2) Omnivore- Biomass Transfer What is the source of all energy on Earth? 3) Predator- What % of this energy is taken in by plants? Carnivore- Prey. What % is passed on from one trophic level to the next? Trophic level. How do plants increase their biomass? Biomass. Ecosystem- How is biomass passed through an a food chain? Efficiency of Transfer: If a lettuce has a biomass of 1. 5 kg that is available to be passed onto rabbits and the rabbit that eats it takes in a biomass of 0. 3 kg what is the efficiency of biomass transfer?

B 7– Ecology – Adaptations Define an adaptation? Define a functional adaptation: Define an extremophile: Give an example: Give examples of adaptations in animals in hot and cold temperatures. Hot Give examples of adaptations in plants in dry areas: Explain why adaptations are important. Define a structural adaptation: Give an example: Cold Define a behavioural adaptation: Give an example: Give 3 prey adaptations:

B 7 - Ecology- Sampling What do we mean by the distribution of an organism? What affects the distribution of organisms? Describe how we can use random sampling to compare the number of a plant species in 2 different areas: When do we use a transect? 1) 2) Describe how you would use a transect to measure the number of plants as you move away from a road: 1) Describe how to randomly place quadrats: 3) 2) 1) 4) 3) 2) 4) Give 2 examples of when we’d use random sampling: 1) 2) A student used a 1 m 2 quadrat. The mean number of daisies per quadrat was 7. The field was 70 m x 200 m. Estimate the population size: When do we use % cover rather than counting individuals? How do you do it?

B 7 – Ecology – Carbon Cycle and Water Cycle Carbon Cycle Explain how evaporation and transpiration turns water from plants, land oceans into water vapour: Colour the arrows showing respiration in red. Colour the arrows showing photosynthesis in green. Colour the arrows showing decomposition in blue. Colour the arrows showing combustion in black. Label the arrow showing eating Describe how carbon is removed from the atmosphere: Explain how clouds form: Describe ways in which carbon is returned to the atmosphere: Explain how precipitation returns water to the oceans:

B 7 - Ecology- Global Warming (incl. deforestation + peat bog destruction) Name 2 greenhouse gases: Explain 2 reasons why deforestation is increasing CO 2 levels in the atmosphere: Describe the process of global warming: 1) Give 3 reasons why carbon dioxide levels are increasing: 2) 1) 2) 3) Give 3 reasons why peat bogs being destroyed: 1) Give 2 reasons why methane levels are increasing: 1) 2) 2) Explain the 4 potential consequences of global warming: 1) 3) 2) Explain 3 problems associated with peat bog destruction: Give 3 reasons why deforestation carried out: 1) 1) 3) 2) 4) 2) 3) 3)

B 7– Ecology – Biodiversity Define biodiversity: Why is high biodiversity important? Give 3 reasons why humans are putting greater pressure on the environment: Land pollution Give 3 ways in which we are polluting land: 1) 1) 2) 2) 3) 3) Water Pollution Describe the problems caused by sewage and fertilisers washing into lakes and rivers: Give 2 ways in which humans are reducing biodiversity: What is an indicator species and how are they useful? Protecting Ecosystems Explain why the following programmes are being set up: Breeding programmes: Regeneration of rare habitats Conflicting Pressures Give 3 reasons why it is sometimes not possible to protect biodiversity: 1) 2) State the effect of toxic chemicals washing into lakes and rivers: How is the human population changing? Why is this? Reintroduce hedgerows Reducing deforestation Air Pollution What does sulphur dioxide cause? Recycling 3)

B 7 - Ecology- Decay (Triple only) Give the 4 factors that increase rate of decay: 1) 2) 3) Which gases are in biogas? Give 2 reasons why biogas generators are kept underground Which of these is useful as a fuel? Describe how biogas is made: 4) Explain why decay happens at warmer temperatures: Explain why decay won’t happen in freezing temperatures: Explain why decay won’t happen in temperatures above 40 o. C: In a biogas generator explain why more the biogas produced contains: More CO 2 initially: More CH 4 after a few days: Give 2 differences between a batch generator and a continuous generator: What is compost and what is it used for? 1) 2) State the result you would expect to see and explain why you would expect to see this.

B 7 - Ecology- Food Security, Farming + Biotechnology Define food security: What is sustainable food production? Which microorganism is used to make mycoprotein? Give 3 reasons that threaten food security: 1) What is mycoprotein used for? What do we mean by factory farming? Describe the process/ conditions necessary: 2) 3) Explain why these farming methods improve the efficiency of food production: Keeping animals in small pens: . Give 3 ways in which GM crops could help reduce food shortages: What is overfishing? Keeping animals in barns at an optimum temperature: 1) 2) Why is it a problem? 3) Describe 2 ways in which we can maintain fish stocks: Give 2 reasons why factory farming is controversial: 1) 1) 2) 2) Why do some people disagree?