B 10 C Analyze the levels of organization

B. 10. C Analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and the whole system.

Levels of organization • Cells- Basic unit of all living things. • Tissues-are groups of cells that work together • Organism-an individual living thing • Species- an individual living that can interbreed within the same species.

Population • Population- is a group of individuals that belong to the same species in the same physical location. • Example- The white tail deer that live in Piney Woods • Example- The pine trees in Piney Woods

Community • All of the populations together in a physical location that rely on each other. • Example: all the white tail deer in Piney Woods depend on the vegetation in the forest for food and shelter. In turn the plants depend on the deer for carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis.

Biome • A large area characterized by • It’s climate (temperature and water fall) • Animals and plants that live there Example: The Piney Woods is a part of the Coniferous Forest (Coniferous=Cone bearing) More on all of the biomes to come

Biosphere • Our whole planet • The living (Biotic) Bio= life parts of the planet • Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia • The nonliving (Abiotic) parts of the planet • Temperature • Rocks • Soil • Sun

Population Growth • All populations depend on the environment for resources like food, water, and shelter. If there is enough then the population can grow. • Carrying Capacity- the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support.

Stable Environment • Stable population- the number of individuals in each population will remain close to the carrying capacity

Unstable Environment • Population numbers will suddenly drop. • This can be short term (if the temperature drops for a few days) or Long term- Year of drought

112 Changes in water pressure within guard cells cause the cells to open or close the stoma. This response helps the plant maintain homeostasis by — A stabilizing the plant’s temperature through the evaporation of water B regulating the amount of water the plant loses during transpiration C allowing oxygen needed for photosynthesis to enter the plant D enabling the plant to release more carbon dioxide at night for photosynthesis

113 The graph shows the basic changes in a forest community after a disturbance occurred. The information shown in the graph suggests that the changes in the forest community were caused by — F tree-leaf replacement after a storm H repeated habitat destruction G succession after a fire J decreased species diversity

114 A student sets up a compost bin outdoors. Inside the bin microorganisms convert the student’s vegetable and paper scraps into rich fertilizer. Which of the following best describes the role that these microorganisms play in natural habitats? F The microorganisms help balance the numbers of producers and consumers. G The microorganisms help keep nutrients cycling through the ecosystem. H The microorganisms turn solar energy into sugars. J The microorganisms function as autotrophs.

115 A student is studying the ecology of a playa lake, which forms after a rainfall in a dry lake bed. The table lists the organisms that the student observed. Which level of biological organization has the student described in the table? A Biosphere B Organelle C Ecosystem D Community

Questions 116 • Which of the following are examples of populations. • A. Coral Reef • B. My house • C. All the birds in the United States • D. All students at Bruceville-Eddy

117. Which of the following is bigger? • A. • B. • C. • D. Ecosystem Biosphere Organism Community

Question 118 What makes up an organism? A. B. C. D. Cells Ants Sun Organisms

Summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of organisms

• Decomposers return nutrients like carbon and nitrogen to the soil • Mutualistic relationship with roots for the nitrogen cycle • Makes food like Milk, Cheese, and yogurt • We have to have them in our bodies for digestion

Viruses VS Bacteria • Viruses are very small, they are not a cell, they are not alive, and they invade a host and makes copies of itself. • Bacteria are large but still microscopic, they are prokaryotes, they are living, and reproduce from binary fusion

• Viruses are not treatable, but they can be prevented by vaccines, and they have NO benefits • Bacteria can be treated by antibiotics, they can be prevented by vaccines like Viruses, and some help with

The Virus Lytic cycle

Are bacteria Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? A: Prokaryotic B: Eukaryotic C: Both

What do Viruses do in the host body? A: Lay eggs B: Make copies of itself C: Eats brains

Are Viruses treatable? A: Yes B: No C: Only certain kinds

B. 11. D Describe how events and processes that occur during ecological succession can change populations and species diversity

What is Succesion • It is the replacement of one community by another commuinty in the same location over time. • Texas used to be under water, now not so much.

Succession The first species is the pioneer species. The end stable result is the climax community. There are only two types of succession • Primary (1 st time plants ever grew there an example new land formed from lava flow. • Secondary (plants replacing an area that has been damaged due to natural disasters or fires, plant life previously existed)

Stages of Succession • The first plants to show back up will be small, like weeds. The first plants are the Pioneer Community. These are the first species to move into the environment.

• After the weeds grow they change the chemical make up of the soil. The weeds die out and are replaced by grasses,

• and the soil changes again this time favoring shrubs. Overtime small trees replace shrubs and then large trees replace the small. This process takes around 100 years.

New Populations Grow • As the changes above happen different species or populations move in and out of the environment. For example birds may not find grassland to be the best to live in, but as it is replaced by trees they may move into that area. This leads to species diversity.

• The pioneer stages always happen first. • Then the intermediate stages • Then the climax community

PIONEER for Primary Succession • Starts with a species that does not require soil to survive • Lichen is a fungus that grows together with an algae. • Symbiotic relationship • Grow on rocks

Primary Succession • Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down the rocks into smaller pieces. • When the lichen die they decompose adding nutrients to the rock which makes soil.

122. Primary succession almost always begins with. . . A. bare rock B. burned forest ground C. hard soil D. dry lake bottom

123. When one group of species is replaced with others over time, it is called. . . A. evolution B. natural selection C. climax community D. ecological succession

124. On a rock outcrop that has never been home to living organisms, what is likely to be the first organism to grow there? A. wildflowers B. algae C. lichen D. grass

125.

B. 12. A Interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalisms, mutualism, and competition among organisms

Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism Both benefit Commensalism One benefits the other is unaffected Parasitism One benefits the other is harmed

Mutualism Definition: Both organisms benefit from the relationship; (: (: Example: Rhinos and birds; Rhinos have bugs that the birds eat, birds catch a meal, Rhinos get cleaned

Commensalism Definition: One organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed; (: I: Example: Shark and lamprey: Shark eats and bits of food are floating in the water, lamprey attach to the

Parasitism Definition: One organism lives in or on another organism and harms it to gain food; (: ): Example: Tapeworm with humans; we are it’s host, as the

Competition Definition: Two organisms fight over the same resource, both are harmed Example: Two deer fighting over the same food

Predation Definition: One benefits by eating the other Example: Lion kills and eats a zebra

126. Symbiosis is defined as… • A) disease related to metabolism • B) degrees of close relationships between organisms of different species • C) a type of weather disaster • D) term used to describe species respiratory processes

127. Mutualism is defined as… • A) one species benefits and the other is harmed • B) one species benefits and the other is unaffected • C) both species benefit • D) no effect from the relationship

128. What’s type of symbiosis harms both organisms from these choices? • • A) B) C) D) Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism None of these

129.

B. 12. c. Analyze the following of matter and energy through trophic levels using various models including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.

ECOLOGY continued… Food Chain – A chain including the organisms and their food source. = SUPPLIES ENERGY TO Grass grasshopper bird

Ecological Pyramids • As you go up each link in the energy pyramid energy, mass, and population number decreases.

10% Rule

Food Chains • Food chains represent what organism supplies energy to another. The decomposer recycles nutrients needed by the other animals involved.

Food Webs • Food web’s show all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level, they also show interconnected food chains

130. According to the ten percent rule how much energy will the primary consumer get? A. 30 B. 300 C. 310 • 30, 000 KJ D. 3, 000

• • • 131. In this food chain, the spiders are — A producers B primary consumers C competitors D secondary consumers

• 132. According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore? • A Caterpillar • B Mouse • C Ant • D Fly larva

133. The overgrowth of algae poses a major problem for coral reefs. Intensive fishing is one factor that contributes to algae overgrowth because it does which of the following? A Allows more sunlight to be available to algae B Inhibits the spread of pathogens in algae colonies C Reduces the number of organisms that feed on algae D Increases the competition between different algae species

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140 A native species and a non-native species are competing for resources within the same ecosystem. The non-native species is more likely to survive than the native species in which of the following situations? F Both the native species and the non-native species thrive on the same food source. G The native species is immune to certain pathogens in the ecosystem. H Predators prey on both native and non-native species. J The non-native species has no natural enemies in the ecosystem.

Biomes and animal and plant adaptations

Carbon Cycle NITROGEN CYCLE