Average Distribution of Incoming Solar Radiation 2015 Pearson

Average Distribution of Incoming Solar Radiation © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Albedo © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atmospheric Heating • Radiation from Earth’s surface – Earth reradiates radiation (terrestrial radiation) at the longer wavelengths – Longer wavelength terrestrial radiation is absorbed by • Carbon dioxide • Water vapor © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Atmospheric Heating • Heating of the atmosphere is termed the greenhouse effect © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Greenhouse Effect © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temperature Measurement • Daily maximum and minimum • Other measurements – – – Daily mean temperature Daily range Monthly mean Annual temperature range © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temperature Measurement • Isotherms – Lines connecting points of equal temperatures on a map – Used to show distribution of air tempertures • Temperature gradient – amount of temperature change per unit of distance © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Isotherms © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controls of Temperature • Land water – Land heats more rapidly and to higher temperatures than water – Water has high specific heat – amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Differential Heating of Land Water © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mean Monthly Temperatures for Two Locations in Canada © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controls of Temperature • Altitude –higher altitudes have lower temperatures © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controls of Temperature • Geographic position – Windward coast – Leeward coast © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controls of Temperature • Cloud cover and albedo – Clouds have high albedo – Clouds cool air during the day, keep heat in at night © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temperature Measurement • Human perception of temperature – Anything that influences the rate of heat loss from the body also influences the sensation of temperature – Important factors are • • Air temperature Relative humidity Wind speed Sunshine © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controls of Temperature • Temperature variations • Receipt of solar radiation is the most important control © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

World Distribution of Temperature • Temperature maps – Isotherm – a line connecting places of equal temperature – Temperatures are adjusted to sea level – January and July are used for analysis because they represent the temperature extremes © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

World Distribution of Temperature • Global temperature patterns – Temperature decreases poleward from the tropics – Isotherms exhibit a latitudinal shift with the seasons – Warmest and coldest temperatures occur over land © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

World Distribution of Temperature • Global temperature patterns – In the Southern Hemisphere • Isotherms are straighter • Isotherms are more stable – Isotherms show ocean currents – Annual temperature range • Small near equator • Increases with an increase in latitude • Greatest over continental locations © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

World Mean Sea-Level Temperatures in January © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

World Mean Sea-Level Temperatures in July © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.