AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY MAX WEBER Karl Emil Maximilian

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

MAX WEBER Karl Emil Maximilian "Max" Weber ( 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist whose ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research. Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three founders of sociology.

WEBERIAN TYPES OF AUTHORITY ( WEBER 1961 : 173 -179 ) Max Weber’s work on social action showed one of the clearest links between individuals and institutions. As defined by Weber, social action is one that individuals attach subjective meanings to. In other words, social action is action that is meaningful.

FOUR TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION v TRADITIONAL ACTION Is determines by the actor’s habitual and customary ways of behaving. v AFFECTUAL ACTION Is determines by the emotional state of the actor. v VALUE RATIONALITY is determined by a conscious belief in the value of some ethnical, aesthetic, religious or other forms of behavior. v MEANS-ENDS RATIONALITY is determined by goal orientation.

THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY § TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY is associated with heredity authority ( example : monarchy ) § CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY is associated with charismatic leaders whose authority comes from followers “belief in the leaders” special personal qualities ( example: cult leaders, benevolent dictators ). § RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY is associated with leadership that is goal-oriented for the benefit of society ( example: duly-elected government officials; bureaucrats ). The ultimate form of goal oriented action is the bureaucracy.

BUREAUCRACY A bureaucracy is a large, rational organization, designed to perform tasks efficiently ( Macionis 2012 : 153 )

FEATURES OF A BUREAUCRACY Ø SPECIALIZATION there exists a specialized division of labor. Ø HIERARCHY OF POSITION jobs are structures from greater to lesser amounts of authority. Ø RULES AND REGULATIONS formal rules and regulations guide a bureaucracy’s operations.

Ø TECHNICAL COMPETENCE Bureaucratic workers are technically trained Ø IMPERSONALITY rules and regulations, not personal whim, govern the treatment of both clients and workers so that they are treated in the same way. Ø FORMAL, WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS there is a reliance on records and files.

ECONOMY is the “social institutions that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumptions of goods and services”.

THREE SECTORS OF ECONOMY • PRIMARY SECTOR relies on raw materials form the natural environment. It is the most important sector in low-income nations. Examples are agriculture, fishing and mining. • SECONDARY SECTOR is the manufacturing sector which transforms raw materials into manufactures goods. This sector has a significant share of the economy in low-, middle-, and high-income nations. Examples are automobile and clothing manufacturing. • TERTIARY SECTOR produces services rather than goods. It is the dominant sector in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Examples are call center services, sales, and teaching.

NONSTATE ACTORS Are organizations, groups, or networks that participate in international relations and global governance. They are deemed to have sufficient power and influence to advocate for and cause changes in international norms and development practices. They include civil society, non governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and international NGOs ( INGOs ), economic and social groups, including trade union organizations and transitional corporations, and the private sector. In practice, nonstate actors include, among other, community-based organizations. Human rights association, universities and research institutes, and chambers of commerce.

CIVIL SOCIETY is “the population of groups formed for collective purpose primarily outside of the Stare and marketplace”. ( van Rooy 1998 : 30 )