August 14 2015 Bell Work During the Civil

August 14, 2015 Bell Work During the Civil War era, which region of the United States was an agrarian (agricultural) society, the North or the South? Objectives Contrast the North and South. Describe the Free Soil Party. Analyze the issue of slavery.

Chapter 3: The Union in Crisis 1848 -1861 Section 1: Slavery, States’ Rights, and Western Expansion Pg. 68 -73

Slavery Divides the Nation North: Relies on industry and technology Urban life w/diverse society South: Agrarian society based on cotton Dependence on slave labor

Wilmot Proviso U. S. acquires land in Mexican-American War Raises question of expansion of slavery Mexican-American War: David Wilmot proposes amendment & puts it on every appropriations bill Wilmot Proviso- forbid expansion of slavery to any new territories Reactions: Northerners favor it Southerners threaten secession

Northern View of Slavery Most northerners: Blacks are inferior, laws limit their rights, racism Abolitionists: Minority group Slavery is morally wrong Unskilled workers: Feared free blacks would take jobs Bankers, mill owners, merchants: Benefit from slave trade

Southern View of Slavery Many thought: Whites are “civilized” so blacks should provide labor Slavery was better than other options God wanted slavery Some were opposed to slavery

Presidential Election of 1848 Whigs: Zachary Taylor Louisiana general, war hero, slave owner Democrats: Lewis Cass Governor of Michigan, opposes Wilmot Proviso, supports popular sovereignty Issue of slavery? - nobody discusses it until the Free Soilers Free Soil Party: Martin Van Buren Former president “Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men. ”

Election Results Zachary Taylor wins

Compromise to Avoid Crisis Balance of power? Gold discovered in California (1848) California wants to become free state W/out California, 15 free states and 15 slave states Border issues: New Mexico, Texas, Utah Ban slavery? Harsher fugitive slave law? Henry Clay (w/ Daniel Webster and John Calhoun) “The Great Compromiser”

Compromise of 1850 California is a “free” state New Mexico and Utah use popular sovereignty Slave trade is banned in Washington D. C. Harsher fugitive slave law Texas gives up claims in Mexico, gets $10 million

August 17, 2015 Bell Work What was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850? Objectives Analyze the fugitive slave act. Assess the Kansas. Nebraska Act. Explain the conflict in Kansas.

Chapter 3: The Union in Crisis 1848 -1861 Section 2: A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence Pg. 75 -81

Resistance Against the Fugitive Slave Act Northerners feel forced to support slave system Judges get $10 for slaves, $5 for free Too much federal intervention? States pass personal liberty laws- nullify fugitive slave act “Christiana Riot” Free blacks protect fugitive slaves Slave owner is killed 30 bystanders charged with conspiracy Significance: they blatantly disobeyed the fugitive slave act

Underground Railroad Secret network of escape routes to free slaves Harriet Tubman- famous “conductor”, Marilyn born slave, “Black Moses” Escaped in 1849, led hundreds to safety, 2 dozen trips Most tried to escape to Canada

Condemnation of Slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin Describes the cruelty of slavery Mark Delany- wrote Blake Rebelling with violence Southern response: slaves are happy and carefree Only mentally ill run away

Kansas-Nebraska Act Need for organized territory railroad Popular sovereignty is a democratic solution? K-N Act (written by Stephen Douglas) Divide into two territories- Kansas and Nebraska Slavery is determined by popular sovereignty Nullifies the Missouri Compromise No slavery north of 36° 30’

Bleeding Kansas Two governments are established Pro-slavery settlers, settle near Missouri Hold territorial election in 1855 Intimidate anti-slavery voters Border ruffians Constitution- anti-slavery sentiments are illegal Capital at Lecompton Anti-slavery settlers, establish Topeka Establishes government and constitution Petitions for statehood

Bleeding Kansas May 21, 1856 - Border ruffians raid Lawrence “Sack of Lawrence” Retaliation John Brown- midnight execution of 5 pro-slavery men Pottawatomie Massacre Immediate cause of “Bleeding Kansas”- civil war in Kansas territory (1856) KS isn’t admitted as a state until Civil War starts

Violence in the Senate Charles Sumner- senator from Mass. Gave speech “the Crime Against Kansas” Insulted South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks beats Sumner unconscious Brooks and Sumner are both re-elected

August 18, 2015 Bell Work Who was known as “Black Moses”? Objectives Analyze deepening sectional distrust. Compare the positions of Lincoln and Douglas. Explain the effect on John Brown’s raid.

Chapter 3: The Union in Crisis 1848 -1861 Section 3: Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis Pg. 83 -89

The Shifting Political Scene Whig Party disintegrates Millard Fillmore Angered South by supporting California as free state Angered North b/c of popular sovereignty and fugitive slave act Henry Clay and Daniel Webster are dead Couldn’t elect a president

Know-Nothings American population had previously been dominated by white protestants Immigration of Irish, Germans, and Mexicans Catholicism becomes largest religion Nativist views caused anti-immigrant movement Know Nothings “I know nothing” Eventually becomes the American Party

The Republican Party is Born Created in 1854 in opposition to Kansas. Nebraska Act Opposes the expansion of slavery Party composition: Antislavery Democrats, Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Know Nothings First time parties are drawn along sectional lines

Elections of 1856 Republicans: John C. Fremont- Mexican War hero, abolitionist “Free soil, free labor, free men, Fremont. ” Rejects popular sovereignty, no expansion of slavery Kansas should be free state Democrats: James Buchanan (Pennsylvania) Plans to stop “the agitation of the slavery issue” V. P candidate is John C. Breckinridge of the South Know-Nothings Millard Fillmore, former president Results: Buchanan wins, but Republicans win 1/3 of popular vote

Dred Scott Decision 1857: Dred Scott v. Sanford Missouri slave taken to free territory, is he free? Court decision- Chief Justice Roger Taney Temporary residence doesn’t make him free Scott is property Blacks are not citizens Banning slavery is unconstitutional Northern reaction: viewed w/alarm, secession? Abolitionist reaction: it is a conspiracy Southern reaction: celebration

Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 U. S. Senate debates: Expansion of slavery “Honest Abe” vs. “The Little Giant” (US Senate seat) Lincoln. Opposed to slavery but took political middle ground Strongly against Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas. Proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act Supported popular sovereignty Sympathetic to slavery Self-serving motives?

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Douglas wins the elections Lincoln wins many supporters Condemns slavery but does not support equality Supports the natural rights of blacks

John Brown’s Raid An angel of God avenging the evil of slavery through violence. Harper’s Ferry (Virginia)- 1859 Brown and his men try to seize federal arsenal Tried to inspire a slave revolution Few joined him…he was crazy Brown’s execution Seen as a lunatic and a martyr Some thought Republicans were behind attack People begin preparing for war

August 19, 2015 Bell Work Who planned and carried out the raid on Harper’s Ferry? Objectives Compare the candidates for the election of 1860. Analyze why the South seceded. Assess the events that led to war.

Chapter 3: The Union in Crisis 1848 -1861 Section 4: Lincoln, Secession, and War Pg. 90 -97

Election of 1860 Jefferson Davis- Mississippi Senator Gets congress to restrict federal control over slavery in territories Protects slavery where it already exists Democrats split support Southerners: want protection of slavery in territories Northerners: support popular sovereignty (Stephen Douglas) Douglas wins nomination- angers the South They leave and form own convention

Election of 1860 Northern Democrats: Stephen A. Douglas Illinois, champions popular sovereignty Southern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge Kentucky, must protect and expand slavery Whigs/Know Nothings (Constitution): John C. Bell Tennessee, moderate, uphold constitution, proslavery Republicans: Abraham Lincoln Illinois, no expansion of slavery, moderate

Election of 1860 Lincoln wins! 40% of popular vote, 60% of electoral vote Didn’t win a single southern state

The Union Collapses Secession South no longer has a political voice December 20, 1860 - South Carolina secedes, believe Lincoln is hostile to slavery The Confederate States of America Established in Feb. 1861 (w/ 7 seceding states) Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida Jefferson Davis- elected president

The Union Collapses Final compromise fails John Crittenden (Kentucky)- Crittenden Compromise Allows slavery in territories south of Missouri Compromise line Federal money is used to reimburse slave owners for unreturned slaves Voted down!

Civil War Begins Lincoln sworn in March 4, 1861 Claims that no state can lawfully leave the Union by its own action Fort Sumter- 1 of 4 forts remaining in U. S. custody Fired on in January 1861 when U. S. tried to send in food supplies CSA fires on fort, US surrenders fort (no ammo) April 15, 1861 - Lincoln calls for volunteers 4 other states join the Confederacy Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina