Attention all recipients of this file Four Worlds

Attention all recipients of this file: Four Worlds of History First, thank you for opening this powerpoint and considering using it! Whether the file was sent to you directly from Teresa, relayed by a colleague, or is among those offered on our site, CALIS and USC rely on your professionalism for proper credits and sourcing: Materials developed by or through CALIS are made available online via a database that serves as a digital file cabinet of teaching resources. The Activities Database is a free and unrestricted collection. When teachers or other CALIS partners write, adapt, or collaborate on materials—they are cited. The source information includes their affiliated schools or organizations. As others download and further adapt these materials—all credit and source lines, for teachers as well of for CALIS–USC, should remain in tact as published. This file is a combination of 4 W charts and related materials available on the Activities Database. Slides that refer directly to items on the database have the item referenced. “Focus questions” are displayed at the top of a 4 W chart. The file is not intended to be used with students as one barrage of 4 W charts. This powerpoint is another resource for planning and training with partner teachers -- both immediately for Fall 2012 and long term. Teresa Hudock, Director, CALIS calis@usc. edu / usc. edu/calis Modern World History: Sept 3, 2012 Edition #4: Oct 4, 2012 Slide Count: 86

Four Worlds of History Modern World History Enlightenment a 4 WH collaboration with Reina Roberts, Venice High School, LAUSD 10 th grade Modern World History Textbook -- World History: Modern Times, Glencoe, 2006 2

Enlightenment Table of Contents Main Items & Issues 4 – Identifying Social Science Factors – Slavery, an example of a Four Worlds analysis 12 – How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? 20 – Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? 29 – What are the main purposes of a constitution? 39 – How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Thomas Jefferson Ben Franklin 53 – What is the relationship between government & civil society? Thomas Paine 63 – Role of Institutions in a Democracy -- institutional infrastructure 68 – The Individual & Community -- equally important competing values 70 – How is American society organized? reference sheet 4 78 – Goals of the Social Sciences 3

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors These constantly reoccurring basic factors of the human condition are important to recognize regardless of how they are described 4

Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Identifying factors, relating factors, and determining the “most important" factors is the science of the social sciences. Identifying Factors… Introductory activity What are the Four Worlds of slavery? 5

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World Activities Database 0. 0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors reference sheet 1 Social World Cultural World 6

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World rights labor slavery Social World class Cultural World custom 7

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Economic World rights labor legal system cost of production slavery Social World hierarchy segregation class identity beliefs custom equity status Cultural World shared values privilege 8

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? Political World Factors are simultaneous yet distinct. rights Economic World labor legal system cost of production A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity. slavery Social World hierarchy segregation class identity beliefs custom equity status Cultural World shared values privilege 9

Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery? The root cause of slavery? Political World legal system Economic World labor system rights cost of production cause and effect slavery Social World class system hierarchy status belief system segregation privilege Cultural World equity identity custom shared values What are secondary or contributing causes? 10

Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery? Political World Economic World cost of production rights the status quo legal system division of labor problem-solving change Social World hierarchy labor change slavery protest Not everyone’s beliefs change segregation beliefs class shared values equity status challenge privilege the status quo Cultural World identity custom Abolitionist ideas & values start here 11

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Social World p 176 Economic World Cultural World 12

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Social World p 176 Economic World “It is God who establishes kings. They thus act as ministers of God and His lieutenants on earth. It is through them that he rules. This is why we have seen that the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. It appears from this that the person of kings is sacred, and to move against them is a crime. Since their power comes from on high, kings… should exercise it with fear and restraint as a thing which has come to them from God, and for which God will demand an account. Jacques Bossuet, late 1600 s Cultural World 13

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Economic World monarchy divine right of kings Social World Cultural World Kings were chosen by the gods. 14

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Economic World monarchy divine right of kings Social World Cultural World religion Kings were chosen by the gods. ideas social science factors beliefs 15

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Economic World monarchy divine right of kings absolute power legitimate authority Social World Cultural World religion Kings were chosen by the gods. ideas social science factors beliefs 16

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Economic World monarchy divine right of kings absolute power legitimate authority Social World Cultural World religion accountability only indirectly to the people through direct accountability to God Kings were chosen by the gods. social science factors ideas beliefs 17

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Social World p 176 Economic World “It is God who establishes kings. They thus act as ministers of God and His lieutenants on earth. It is through them that he rules. This is why we have seen that the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. It appears from this that the person of sacred and to move against them is a kings is sacred, crime. Since their power comes from on high, kings… should exercise it with fear and restraint as a thing which has come to them from God, and for which God will demand an account. Jacques Bossuet, late 1600 s Cultural World For thousands of years, from Hammurabi to the Egyptian pharaohs to the kings of Europe, religious beliefs gave complete support to absolute rulers. 18

How did kings have legitimate authority over their people? Political World Economic World monarchy divine right of kings sacred power divine authority Social World Cultural World religion accountable only to God Kings were chosen by the gods. ideas social science factors beliefs 19

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World Social World p 170 Economic World Cultural World 20

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World Social World p 170 Economic World Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence the development of political thought. 21

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World Social World Enlightenment thinkers p 170 Economic World Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence political thought. the development of political 22

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World p 170 Economic World Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? Social World Enlightenment thinkers Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence political thought. the development of political 23

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World p 170 Economic World Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Social World Enlightenment thinkers watchdogs advocates values Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence political thought. the development of political ideas beliefs 24

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World p 170 Economic World Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Social World Enlightenment thinkers watchdogs advocates values Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence development of political thought. the development ideas beliefs Ideas were enlightened by reason. Beliefs about rights were enlightened. 25

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World Economic World Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Social World Enlightenment thinkers watchdogs advocates values Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence development of political thought. the development ideas beliefs Ideas reason. Ideas were enlightened by reason Beliefs about rights were enlightened. 26

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World Economic World Which social science factors are at the heart of the Enlightenment? Throughout history people have struggled for rights. Social World Enlightenment thinkers watchdogs Revolution advocates social movement values Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence development of political thought. the development ideas beliefs Ideas reason. Ideas were enlightened by reason Beliefs about rights were enlightened. 27

Revolution and Enlightenment – What are the “big ideas”? Political World Economic World monarchy divine right of kings against the status quo Social World Throughout history people have struggled for rights. protest Enlightenment thinkers watchdogs Revolution advocates social movement values Cultural World Moral and ethical principles influence development of political thought. the development ideas beliefs Ideas reason. Ideas were enlightened by reason Beliefs about rights were enlightened. 28

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Political World Social World Enlightenment Economic World Cultural World 29

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Political World Enlightenment Economic World limit power of government protect rights of individuals Social World Cultural World 30

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Political World Enlightenment Economic World limit power of government protect rights of individuals Social World Cultural World 31

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Political World Enlightenment Economic World Glorious Revolution 1689 limit power of government protect rights of individuals Social World The Glorious Revolution was an important turning point in English history. When William and Mary accepted the throne from Parliament, they agreed to a declaration of rights… Parliament was now recognized as a vital part of government, thus laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. p 174 Cultural World 32

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Political World Enlightenment Economic World Glorious Revolution 1689 limit power of government protect rights of individuals Social World turning point The Glorious Revolution was an important turning in English history. When William and Mary accepted the throne from Parliament, they agreed to a declaration of rights… Parliament was now recognized as a vital part rights of government, thus laying the foundation for a monarchy. constitutional monarchy p 174 Cultural World set a precedent in Western political thought 33

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Political World Enlightenment Economic World rule of law limit power of government protect rights of individuals Glorious Revolution 1689 Kings were no longer “above the law” Social World Cultural World 34

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Enlightenment Political World Economic World limit power of government protect rights of individuals Social World Cultural World Enlightenment thinkers natural rights Locke life, liberty, property 35

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Enlightenment Political World separation of powers Economic World Montesquieu limit power of government protect rights of individuals Social World social contract Cultural World Rousseau ideas Enlightenment thinkers natural rights Locke life, liberty, property freedom of speech Voltaire religious tolerance 36

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Enlightenment Political World Economic World separation of powers Montesquieu limit power of government protect rights of individuals social contract Social World Cultural World Rousseau ideas Enlightenment thinkers philosophes ▪ nobility ▪ middle class p 184 natural rights Locke life, liberty, property freedom of speech Voltaire religious tolerance 37

What are the main purposes of a constitution? Enlightenment Political World Economic World separation of powers Montesquieu limit power of government protect rights of individuals social contract Social World Cultural World Rousseau ideas Enlightenment thinkers philosophes natural rights ▪ nobility ▪ middle class Locke life, liberty, property p 184 freedom of speech role of middle class in a democracy Aristotle, p --- Voltaire religious tolerance 38

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World Activities Database Virtues in Four Worlds Step 2: Classical Liberalism Social World Cultural World 39

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World vigilance ▪ stay informed ▪ vote Economic World hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 40

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power vigilance ▪ stay informed ▪ vote hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 41

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny vigilance ▪ stay informed ▪ vote hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 42

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty vigilance ▪ stay informed ▪ vote hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 43

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty vigilance ▪ stay informed ▪ vote ensure rights hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 44

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty vigilance ensure rights hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote responsibilities Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 45

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty vigilance ensure rights hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote responsibilities Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 46

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty vigilance ensure rights hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote The price of freedom is eternal vigilance. Thomas Jefferson responsibilities Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 47

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty vigilance ensure rights hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote civic republicanism responsibilities Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 48

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty limited role of government vigilance ensure rights hard work initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote civic republicanism responsibilities Social World Cultural World civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 49

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty limited role of government vigilance hard work ensure rights initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote civic republicanism responsibilities Social World Cultural World duties of the individual civil society civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement active role democratic governance individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 50

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World production limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty limited role of government vigilance hard work ensure rights initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family prosper ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote civic republicanism responsibilities Social World Cultural World duties of the individual civil society meritocracy civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement active role democratic governance daily life beliefs individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 51

How does classical liberalism relate to personal virtues? Political World Economic World Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom production Benjamin Franklin limit power = stop tyranny = ensure liberty limited role of government vigilance hard work ensure rights initiative ▪ provide for yourself & your family prosper ▪ work hard to prosper ▪ stay informed ▪ vote civic republicanism responsibilities Social World Cultural World duties of the individual civil society meritocracy civic duty ▪ support the common good ▪ community involvement active role democratic governance daily life beliefs individual responsibility ▪ virtuous life ▪ no entitlements 52

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World Economic World Some writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins. Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections, the latter NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher. Social World Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776 Cultural World 53

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776 Economic World Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices Social World Cultural World Society is produced by our wants …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections 54

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776 Economic World Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices Social World the pursuit of happiness Cultural World Society is produced by our wants …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections 55

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World Economic World rule of law free market Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices the pursuit of happiness Social World Cultural World civil society natural rights Society is produced by our wants …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections 56

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World punisher Thomas Paine in Common Sense, 1776 Economic World Government is produced by our wickedness …promotes our happiness NEGATIVELY by restraining our vices The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher. Social World Cultural World patron Society is produced by our wants …promotes our happiness POSITIVELY by uniting our affections 57

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World punisher Classical Liberalism Economic World role of government: enforcer Activities Database Two Worlds that Protect & Serve social world as a mirror of “public services” Social World Cultural World patron role of civil society: provider 58

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World punisher Classical Liberalism Economic World role of government: enforcer Social World Cultural World patron role of civil society: provider 59

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World punisher Economic World Classical Liberalism social science factors role of government: virtues enforcer security & order very limited role of government ▪ protection, defense ▪ stability, rule of law Social World Cultural World patron role of civil society: provider very active role for society & individuals vigilance civic duty ▪ individual responsibility values & virtues daily life 60

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World punisher Economic World Classical Liberalism social science factors role of government: virtues enforcer security & order stop tyranny / ensure rights ▪ protection, defense intrepid ▪ stability, rule of law very limited role of government hard work initiative production Social World Cultural World patron role of civil society: provider very active role for society & individuals vigilance civic duty community involvement ▪ individual responsibility values & virtues daily life 61

What is the relationship between government & civil society? Political World punisher Economic World Classical Liberalism social science factors role of government: virtues enforcer very limited role of government security & order stop tyranny / ensure rights ▪ protection, defense intrepid ▪ stability, rule of law hard work initiative production We provide for ourselves. Social World Cultural World patron no entitlements role of civil society: provider very active role for society & individuals vigilance civic duty community involvement ▪ individual responsibility values & virtues daily life 62

On the role of institutions… …institutions are idea spaces that existed before we were born, and will last after we are gone. Human nature may remain the same, eon after eon, but institutions improve and progress, because they are repositories of hard-won wisdom. The race progresses because institutions progress. The Social Animal, David Brooks. Random House, 2011, pages 288 -289. 63

On the role of institutions… The path to a strong democracy… …institutions are idea spaces that existed before we were born, and will last after we are gone. Human nature may remain the same, eon after eon, but institutions improve and progress, because they are repositories of hard-won wisdom. The race progresses because institutions progress. institutional infrastructure The Social Animal, David Brooks. Random House, 2011, pages 288 -289. 64

Institutions are Idea Spaces Political World Social World What do we mean by “institutions”? Economic World Cultural World 65

Institutions are Idea Spaces Political World What do we mean by “institutions”? Economic World legal system ▪ court system is a longstanding institution with evolving precedents, refined case law It’s also a widespread network – municipal, state, and district courts – loaded with experienced judges, lawyers, & police depts to gather evidence Social World Cultural World 66

Institutions are Idea Spaces Political World Economic World What do we mean by “institutions”? legal system craftsmen guilds ▪ court system is a longstanding institution with evolving precedents, refined case law It’s also a widespread network – municipal, state, and district courts – loaded with experienced judges, lawyers, & police depts to gather evidence service agencies military institutional infrastructure Social World universities service agencies Cultural World a culture of civic-mindedness citizenship religious institutions as a way of life, a traditional practice, or a widespread expectation 67

On the competing values of individual & community… “Then, after World War II, ‘we’ became ‘me’. We forgot that the Constitution does not use the first person singular, and we accepted that focusing only on the individual’s right would strengthen society—ignoring that it is society that protects the individual. ‘We’ solved these problems (and many others) —then ‘me’ threw them away. ” Chris Daly. Yucaipa. “Letter to the Editor. ” Los Angeles Times, May 26, 2011, page D-2. 68

On the competing values of individual & community… “Freedom defined strictly as individual freedom tends to see itself as an escape from the constraints of community life—constraints necessarily implied by… consideration for the needs and feelings of neighbors; by kindness to strangers; by respect for the privacy, dignity, and propriety of individual lives; by affection for a place, its people, and its nonhuman creatures; and by the duty to teach the young. ” The Art of the Commonplace, Wendell Berry. “Think Little. ” Shoemaker and Hoard, 2002, page 85. 69

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World Activities Database NPR: Paris Neighborhood Stores Thrive An illustration of 4 W chart, reference sheet 4 Social World Cultural World 70

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World Cultural World Social World our beliefs start here 71

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World Cultural World Social World how much we act on our beliefs start here 72

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World establishes the rules of the game Cultural World Social World how much we act on our beliefs start here 73

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World establishes the rules of the game how we make a living Cultural World Social World how much we act on our beliefs start here 74

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World establishes the rules of the game how we make a living Cultural World Social World quality of life how much we act on our beliefs start here 75

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World establishes the rules of the game roles & rules how we make a living market Cultural World Social World vigilance how much we act on our beliefs values & expectations quality of life our beliefs start here 76

How is American society organized? Economic World Political World establishes the rules of the game roles & rules laws how we make a living market production policies Cultural World Social World vigilance how much we act on our beliefs activism civic engagement values & expectations quality of life daily life our beliefs start here community involvement 77

What is the objective of the social sciences? 78

What is the objective of the social sciences? to better understand the human condition 79

What is the objective of the social sciences? to better understand the human condition in order to make the human condition better 80

What are the objectives of the 4 W model? an analytical exercise to engage in the science of the social sciences • • • make connections, trace dynamics identify action/reaction across worlds infer concepts build detail & complexity evaluate factors, causes, responses 81

OTHER objectives of the 4 W model? an analytical exercise to practice • • active reading purposeful, directed reading as research meaningful reading to respond to a relevant question/problem 82

OTHER objectives of the 4 W model? an analytical exercise to practice academic literacy, rigor, relevance • • active reading purposeful, directed reading as research meaningful reading to respond to an historical question/problem 83

We do not claim that the portrait we present here is a true one, only that it comes close. Victor Hugo Les Miserables 84

Four Worlds of History a project of the Center for Active Learning in International Studies School of International Relations UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Four Worlds analytical framework developed by Steven Lamy, Professor of International Relations Four Worlds of History adapted by Teresa Hudock, Director, and Sandy Line, Associate CALIS, USC 85

Four Worlds of History Center for Active Learning in International Studies UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA For more information, contact: Teresa Hudock calis@usc. edu 213 -740 -7794 Classroom materials are available free online at dornsife. usc. edu/calis 86