ATP ENERGY BIOLOGY I 1 ATP ATP Adenosine

ATP= ENERGY BIOLOGY I 1

ATP �ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate �Is used to store and release energy �Is made when organisms break down food �Has three parts 1. Adenine 2. Ribose sugar 3. Three phosphate groups � Think of ATP as a fully charged battery 2

ATP STRUCTURE Phosphate Groups Adenine Ribose 3

ADP �ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate �Has three parts 1. Adenine 2. Ribose sugar 3. Two phosphate group � Think of ADP as a half charged battery 4

ADP STRUCTRE Phosphate Groups Adenine Ribose 5

ADP + 1 phosphate = ATP When the extra phosphate is added to ADP energy is stored ( the half charged battery is now fully charged) 6

ATP- 1 Phosphate = ADP + ENERGY When a phosphate group is removed from ATP energy is released. 7

ENERGY ATP is used to store energy but not for long periods of time(lipids are used to store energy for long periods of time) Cells use the energy from carbohydrates to add phosphate to ADP to keep creating ATP when needed. 8

Photosynthesis Biology I 9

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. Organisms, such as plants, which make their own food, are called autotrophs. Other organisms, such as animals, cannot use the sun’s energy to make their own food— these are known as heterotrophs. They get energy from the foods they consume. 10

Adenosine Triphosphate Cell activity is powered by chemical fuels. One of the principle compounds living things use is adenosine triphosphate (also known as ATP). • Composed of adenine(which contains nitrogen), ribose(5 -ring sugar), and three phosphate groups. • 11

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is similar to ATP but it only has two phosphate groups instead of three. When cells have energy available, they can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules, as shown in the picture. 12

What is Photosynthesis? Definition: The process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide (CO 2) into oxygen(O 2) and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. The following experiments have contributed to the modern understanding of the process of photosynthesis. 13

Van Helmont Jan van Helmont’s Experiment: He devised an experiment to find out if plants grew by taking material out of the soil. He planted a seedling and watered it regularly. After 5 years he concluded that most of the mass of the now 75 kg tree, had come from water, because that was the only thing he added to the pot. He gave us the “hydrate” part of carbohydrate, but where did the carbo- come in? Did plants grow by taking material out of the soil? Only watered it for 5 years Most of mass had to be water was conclusion Gave us the “hydrate” part of carbohydrate 14

Priestley Joseph Priestley’s Experiment: After placing a candle in a glass jar, he watched the flame gradually die out! He reasoned that something in the air was necessary to keep the flame burning. When the substance was used up, the candle went out. That substance was oxygen. He also found that if he placed a live sprig of mint under the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be relight and would remain lighted for a while. The mint leaf released oxygen. Candle in a glass jar Flame needs oxygen to burn Plant releases oxygen 15

Ingenhousz Jan Ingenhousz’s Experiment: He expanded on Priestly’s experiment by showing that the candle could remain burning only if the plant was exposed to light. The experiments performed by van Helmont, Priestley, Ingenhousz, and other scientists reveal that in the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and release. Plant has to be exposed to light to produce oxygen 16

Photosynthesis Equation LEARN BOTH OF THESE: light 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O -------→ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 light Carbon dioxide + water -------→ sugar + oxygen Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and highenergy sugar. 17

Light and Pigments In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts. Plants gather the sun’s energy with lightabsorbing molecules called pigments. The plants’ principal pigment is chlorophyll There are two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. 18

Chloroplasts � In plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. � Chloroplasts contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids. � Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana(plural) or granum(singular). � Thylakoids contain clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments and proteins known as photosystems that capture the energy of sunlight. Dark reaction/light-independent reaction � The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma, the region outside thylakoid membranes. 19

Chloroplast 20

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Summary of Light-Dependent Reactions A. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll or other pigments in inner thylakoid space, know as photosystem II. B. High-energy electrons from photosystem II move through the electron transport chain in photosystem I. C. The molecules in the electron transport chain use energy from the electrons to transport H+ ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid. D. As in photosystem II, pigments add energy from light to the electrons. The high energy electrons are then picked up by NADP+ to form 22 NADPH.

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Summary of Light-Dependent Reactions D. The inside of the thylakoid membrane fills up with H+ ions. This action makes the outside of the thylakoid membrane negatively charged and the inside positively charged. E. As H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, it converts ADP to ATP. Please note: NADP+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It is a carrier molecule that picks up 2 high energy electrons along with H+. Electron acceptor/carrier. Functions like ADP. 24

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Light-Dependent Reaction Please note that this picture is upside down! The thylakoid space is at the bottom! 26

The Calvin Cycle A. Six carbon dioxide molecules are combined with six 5 -carbon molecules to produce twelve 3 -carbon molecules. B. Energy from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH are used to convert the twelve 3 -carbon molecules into higher-energy forms. C. Two 3 -carbon molecules are used to make a 6 -carbon sugar. D. The ten remaining 3 -carbon molecules are converted back into six 5 -carbon molecules, which are used in the next cycle. 27

Light reaction makes Oxygen. Dark reaction makes glucose. 28

Calvin Cycle 6 carbon molecules and CO 2 B A Six 5 carbon molecules Twelve 3 carbon molecules 6 ADP 12 NADPH 6 ATP D One 6 -carbon sugar 12 ATP Twelve 3 carbon molecules Ten 3 carbon molecules Two 3 -carbon molecules 12 NADP+ C 29

Cellular Respiration 30

Cellular respiration Ø the process in which glucose is broken down to produce ATP (energy) ØPerformed by ALL cells (plant, animal, bacteria) ØTwo pathways 1. Aerobic Respiration 2. Anaerobic Respiration Ø Both begin with Glycolysis 31

Cellular respiration pathways Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Oxygen present Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Oxygen absent Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation 32

Cellular respiration Chemical equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 ----> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP Word equation Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP 33

Glycolysis Ø Begins with one 6 carbon glucose molecule which will split into two 3 carbon pyruvic acids Ø Happens in the cytoplasm Ø 2 ATP’s will be produced Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acids + 2 ATP 34

Aerobic Respiration § Must have oxygen present § Happens in the mitochondria § Produces 36 ATP’s from one glucose molecule § Has 3 steps 1 Glycolysis 2 Krebs Cycle 3 Electron Transport Chain 35

Aerobic respiration Step 1: Glycolysis Ø Happens in the cytoplasm Ø 2 ATP’s & 2 pyruvic acids made Step 2: Krebs Cycle § Happens in the mitochondria § 2 more ATP’s made Step 3: Electron Transport Chain o Happens in the mitochondria o 34 more ATP’s are made o Total ATP’s for AR= 36 (two are used up in the process) 36

Picture of a mitochondrion 37

Anaerobic respiration § Oxygen is not present § Only 2 ATP’s made (from Glycolysis) 2 types 1. Alcoholic Fermentation- done by yeast and other microorganisms 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation- occurs in muscle cells 38

Alcoholic Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) Glycolysis (No oxygen) Alcoholic Fermentation Ethyl Alcohol + CO 2 39

Lactic Acid Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) Glycolysis (No oxygen) Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid + CO 2 40

Photosynthesis VS Cellular Respiration Biology I 41

Definitions Photosynthesis Cellular respiration The process by which plants and other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugar and starch. glucose is broken down to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). 42

Equations photosynthesis Cellular respiration 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6 CO 2 +6 H 2 O + 36 ATP Carbon dioxide + water → glucose (sugar) + oxygen Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy(ATP) 43

Pathways photosynthesis Cellular respiration There is a light There is a 1) Aerobic dependent reaction and the Calvin Cycle. Light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid. Dark reactions take place in the stroma. Only autotrophs perform photosynthesis. pathway and the 2)Anaerobic pathway. Both pathways ALWAYS begin with glycolysis! All cells perform cellular respiration. 44

Important Structures Photosynthesis: The Chloroplast 45

Important Structures Cellular Respiration: Mitochondria 46

Brief Summary of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction Light hits the chloroplasts. 2. Electrons in the chloroplast become excited. 3. Electrons move through the electron transport chain. 4. Water will split into Hydrogen and Oxygen. (Oxygen will be released) 1. 5. As that happens, NADP+ turns into NADPH. 6. H+ ions are also moving from stroma into the thylakoid. This makes the inside of the thylakoid positive and the outside negative. 7. H+ ions are also passing through ATP synthase (an enzyme) changing ADP to ATP 47

Brief Summary of Photosynthesis Dark Reaction The dark reaction is also known as the Calvin Cycle! The ATP and NADPH made during the light reaction along with CO 2 (carbon dioxide) will be used to create one glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) molecule. 48

Photo Summary 49

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Cellular respiration pathways Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Oxygen present Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Oxygen absent Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation 51

Aerobic Respiration Step 1: Glycolysis Ø Happens in the cytoplasm Ø 2 ATP’s & 2 pyruvic acids made Step 2: Krebs Cycle § Happens in the mitochondria § 2 more ATP’s made Step 3: Electron Transport Chain o Happens in the mitochondria o 34 more ATP’s are made o Total ATP’s for AR= 36 (two are used up in the process) 52

Anaerobic Respiration § Oxygen is not present § Only 2 ATP’s made (from Glycolysis) 2 Types: 1. Pathway 1: Alcoholic Fermentation- done by yeast and other microorganisms 2. Pathway 2: Lactic Acid Fermentation- occurs in muscle cells Total ATP count: 2 53