ATP and Muscle Contraction Muscle Fatigue When muscles

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ATP and Muscle Contraction § Muscle Fatigue § When muscles can no longer perform

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Muscle Fatigue § When muscles can no longer perform a required activity, they are fatigued § Results of Muscle Fatigue § Depletion of metabolic reserves § Damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum § Low p. H (lactic acid) § Muscle exhaustion and pain

ATP and Muscle Contraction § The Recovery Period § The time required after exertion

ATP and Muscle Contraction § The Recovery Period § The time required after exertion for muscles to return to normal § Oxygen becomes available § Mitochondrial activity resumes

ATP and Muscle Contraction § The Cori Cycle § The removal and recycling of

ATP and Muscle Contraction § The Cori Cycle § The removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver § Liver converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid § Glucose is released to recharge muscle glycogen reserves § Oxygen Debt § After exercise or other exertion § The body needs more oxygen than usual to normalize metabolic activities § Resulting in heavy breathing

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Skeletal muscles at rest metabolize fatty acids and store

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Skeletal muscles at rest metabolize fatty acids and store glycogen § During light activity, muscles generate ATP through anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids § At peak activity, energy is provided by anaerobic reactions that generate lactic acid as a byproduct

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Heat Production and Loss § Active muscles produce heat

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Heat Production and Loss § Active muscles produce heat § Up to 70% of muscle energy can be lost as heat, raising body temperature § Hormones and Muscle Metabolism § Growth hormone § Testosterone § Thyroid hormones § Epinephrine

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Muscle Performance § Power § The maximum amount of

ATP and Muscle Contraction § Muscle Performance § Power § The maximum amount of tension produced § Endurance § The amount of time an activity can be sustained § Power and endurance depend on § The types of muscle fibers § Physical conditioning

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Fast fibers §

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Fast fibers § Slow fibers § Intermediate fibers

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Fast fibers §

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Fast fibers § Contract very quickly § Have large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria § Have strong contractions, fatigue quickly

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Slow fibers §

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Slow fibers § Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue § Have small diameter, more mitochondria § Have high oxygen supply § Contain myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen)

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Intermediate fibers §

Muscle Fiber Types § Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers § Intermediate fibers § Are mid-sized § Have low myoglobin § Have more capillaries than fast fibers, slower to fatigue

Muscle Fiber Types Figure 10– 21 Fast versus Slow Fibers.

Muscle Fiber Types Figure 10– 21 Fast versus Slow Fibers.

Muscle Fiber Types § Muscle Hypertrophy § Muscle growth from heavy training § Increases

Muscle Fiber Types § Muscle Hypertrophy § Muscle growth from heavy training § Increases diameter of muscle fibers § Increases number of myofibrils § Increases mitochondria, glycogen reserves § Muscle Atrophy § Lack of muscle activity § Reduces muscle size, tone, and power

Muscle Fiber Types § Physical Conditioning § Improves both power and endurance § Anaerobic

Muscle Fiber Types § Physical Conditioning § Improves both power and endurance § Anaerobic activities (e. g. , 50 -meter dash, weightlifting): – use fast fibers – fatigue quickly with strenuous activity § Improved by: – frequent, brief, intensive workouts – hypertrophy

Muscle Fiber Types § Physical Conditioning § Improves both power and endurance § Aerobic

Muscle Fiber Types § Physical Conditioning § Improves both power and endurance § Aerobic activities (prolonged activity): – supported by mitochondria – require oxygen and nutrients § Improved by: – repetitive training (neural responses) – cardiovascular training

Muscle Fiber Types § What you don’t use, you lose § Muscle tone indicates

Muscle Fiber Types § What you don’t use, you lose § Muscle tone indicates base activity in motor units of skeletal muscles § Muscles become flaccid when inactive for days or weeks § Muscle fibers break down proteins, become smaller and weaker § With prolonged inactivity, fibrous tissue may replace muscle fibers

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Structure of Cardiac Tissue § Cardiac muscle is striated, found

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Structure of Cardiac Tissue § Cardiac muscle is striated, found only in the heart

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Seven Characteristics of Cardiocytes § Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Seven Characteristics of Cardiocytes § Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells (cardiocytes) § Are small § Have a single nucleus § Have short, wide T tubules § Have no triads § Have SR with no terminal cisternae § Are aerobic (high in myoglobin, mitochondria) § Have intercalated discs

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Intercalated Discs § Are specialized contact points between cardiocytes §

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Intercalated Discs § Are specialized contact points between cardiocytes § Join cell membranes of adjacent cardiocytes (gap junctions, desmosomes) § Functions of intercalated discs § Maintain structure § Enhance molecular and electrical connections § Conduct action potentials

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 22 Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 22 Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 22 a Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 22 a Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 22 c Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 22 c Cardiac Muscle Tissue.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Intercalated Discs § Coordination of cardiocytes § Because intercalated discs

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Intercalated Discs § Coordination of cardiocytes § Because intercalated discs link heart cells mechanically, chemically, and electrically, the heart functions like a single, fused mass of cells

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Four Functions of Cardiac Tissue § Automaticity § Contraction without

Cardiac Muscle Tissue § Four Functions of Cardiac Tissue § Automaticity § Contraction without neural stimulation § Controlled by pacemaker cells § Variable contraction tension § Controlled by nervous system § Extended contraction time § Ten times as long as skeletal muscle § Prevention of wave summation and tetanic contractions by cell membranes § Long refractory period

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Smooth Muscle in Body Systems § Forms around other tissues

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Smooth Muscle in Body Systems § Forms around other tissues § In blood vessels § Regulates blood pressure and flow § In reproductive and glandular systems § Produces movements § In digestive and urinary systems § Forms sphincters § Produces contractions § In integumentary system § Arrector pili muscles cause “goose bumps”

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Structure of Smooth Muscle § Nonstriated tissue § Different internal

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Structure of Smooth Muscle § Nonstriated tissue § Different internal organization of actin and myosin § Different functional characteristics

Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 23 a Smooth Muscle Tissue.

Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 23 a Smooth Muscle Tissue.

Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 23 b Smooth Muscle Tissue.

Smooth Muscle Tissue Figure 10– 23 b Smooth Muscle Tissue.

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Eight Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells § Long, slender, and

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Eight Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells § Long, slender, and spindle shaped § Have a single, central nucleus § Have no T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres § Have no tendons or aponeuroses § Have scattered myosin fibers § Myosin fibers have more heads per thick filament § Have thin filaments attached to dense bodies § Dense bodies transmit contractions from cell to cell

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Excitation–contraction coupling § Length–tension

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Excitation–contraction coupling § Length–tension relationships § Control of contractions § Smooth muscle tone

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Excitation–contraction coupling § Free

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Excitation–contraction coupling § Free Ca 2+ in cytoplasm triggers contraction § Ca 2+ binds with calmodulin: – in the sarcoplasm – activates myosin light–chain kinase § Enzyme breaks down ATP, initiates contraction

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Length–Tension Relationships § Thick

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Length–Tension Relationships § Thick and thin filaments are scattered § Resting length not related to tension development § Functions over a wide range of lengths (plasticity)

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Control of contractions §

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Control of contractions § Multiunit smooth muscle cells: – connected to motor neurons § Visceral smooth muscle cells: – not connected to motor neurons – rhythmic cycles of activity controlled by pacesetter cells

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Smooth muscle tone §

Smooth Muscle Tissue § Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle § Smooth muscle tone § Maintains normal levels of activity § Modified by neural, hormonal, or chemical factors