ATHENS and SPARTA Phalanx Both citystates or poleis

ATHENS and SPARTA

Phalanx Both city-states or poleis (plural of polis =city-state) fought with men making a phalanx, but the Spartans trained for war every day, while Athenians didn’t.

This is SPARTA OLIGARCHY 5 Ephors: ran Sparta by making all decisions, but served only one year Council of Elders Spartan Childhood What Is A Spartans Profession? 2 Kings: kings for life, in charge ofreligious ceremonies and leading army in war Assembly Apella: all Spartan men over 30 called Equals who voted by shouting as loud as possible Gerousia: council of 30 men (2 kings and 28 others over 60) they were elected for life by the Apella ; they served as judges in criminal cases Periocei: non-Spartans who made things the Spartans needed and brought in goods the Spartans needed Helots: conquered people who the Spartans owned as slaves, they grew all the food for the Spartans. They outnumbered the Spartans, which is why the Spartans always trained to fight

This is ATHENS Reforms of Solon 1. Limited amount of land a person could own 2. All landowners could now vote 3. Only the ASSEMBLY could make laws 4. All debts were erased, start from scratch 5. People in slavery from debt were freed 6. Artisans and craftsmen could become citizens 7. All sons had to be taught a trade by their fathers

This is ATHENS Reforms of Peisitratus He was a tyrant who got power from the help of the poorer citizens 1. Divided large estates and gave them to farmers who owned no land 2. Gave citizenship to all even if you didn’t own land 3. Encouraged sculpture and other arts to entertain people

This is ATHENS Reforms of Cleisthenes 1. Opened the ASSEMBLY to all males over 20 2. Gave freedom of speech 3. Council of 500 had term limit of 2 years so everyone could have a turn 4. At 7 boys had to start schooling= reading, writing, math, and music 5. Citizenship at 18 if promise to: 1) make Athens a better place 2) be honorable in battle 3) follow the constitution 4) respect the gods and religion

This is ATHENS Reforms of Pericles He was the leader of Athens during its “GOLDEN AGE” in which the Athens formed the DELIAN LEAGUE =citystates give Athens money to be ready for future Persian invasions. Under his rule of 40 years he: 1. Rebuilds temples destroyed by the Persians including the Parthenon 2. Built the Long Walls connecting Athens to the sea for defense 3. Had art, philosophy, and literature grow 4. Led Athens in the Peloponnesian War

This is ATHENS Assembly (Ekklesia): all Athenian citizens = men over 30. 6, 000 were needed to hold a meeting, they voted on all issues 9 Archons: these were citizens who were in charge of religious ceremonies and picked by lottery Council of 500: 50 members were picked by lottery by one of the 10 tribes in Athens; they made the laws and put things to vote in the Assembly DEMOCRACY Jurors: 6, 000 were chosen by lottery for a year. They were broken up into 500 to hear cases Metics: foreigners who came to Athens to trade, they were not citizens, but over time could become citizens 10 Strategoi: ten generals who were in charge of the army. They carried out the laws. During the wars they ran the government, at the end of Athens power they made the day to day decisions

This is ATHENS: The POLIS

This is ATHENS: The ACROPOLIS

ATHENIANS Our women train to be fit No writers here No foreigners here We throw out visitors We don’t trade, we allow others to do it No reading here Our women are not allowed out of the house Our boys go to school We like books and free speech We trade with everyone SPARTANS Our boys train to be soldiers We have kings who make our laws We welcome visitors We welcome writers

The Persian Wars

The Persian Wars The war starts because Greeks on the mainland help Greeks in Ionia in Asia Minor revolt against the Persians. Darius • The first war is fought by the Persian King Darius. • Battle of Marathon: the Athenians destroy the Persian army as it lands from the sea. 192 Athenians die compared to 6, 400 Persians (200, 000 Persians according to Herodotus) • A runner runs 26 miles to Athens to Ionian Revolt celebrate the victory and yells “NIKE”, then dies= the marathon race gets its name from this battle Xerxes

The Persian Wars Xerxes, the son of Darius, vows to conquer Greece and avenge his father’s loss. • Battle of Thermopylae- 300 Spartans and other Greeks defend the small pass and hold off the invasion of the Spartans (see first image=Persian Wars title) • Xerxes will capture Athens and burn the city, but the Athenians flee to the island of Salamis • Battle of Salamis- a naval battle in which the Athenians trick Xerxes into the small strait and use their smaller and faster ships to kill thousands of Persians • Battle of Plataea- the Greeks defeat the last Persian army left by Xerxes in Greece Xerxes

Xerxes Invasion Bridge over the Hellespont

The Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War SPARTA vs. ATHENS • As the Athenians try to expand their trade and empire they come into conflict with an ally of Sparta leading to the Peloponnesian War. • Sparta only wins the war after over 30 years of fighting by getting the Persians to give them a fleet • The Athenians lose power as the most powerful city-state • Sparta will not rule long after the war as the citystate of Thebes will take power from the Spartans