Assessment of External and Internal Exposures Michael Hajek

Assessment of External and Internal Exposures Michael Hajek Radiation Safety and Monitoring Section Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety Department of Nuclear Safety and Security IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

Radiation Safety Technical Services Mandate • Apply safety standards to own operations and operations under IAEA control or supervision IAEA Statute as amended up to 23 February 1989, Art. III. A. 6. • Responsible for radiation protection and safety of staff members, experts, trainees, visitors and other persons, who may be exposed to ionizing radiation during these operations (Articles III. A. 6; XI. F. 2 and XII. 2) IAEA Statute as amended up to 23 February 1989, Arts XI. F. 2 and XII. A. 2. • Assess occupational exposure from external sources of radiation and due to intakes of radionuclides IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 2

Process of Individual Monitoring IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 3

Data Management Procedures Monitored quantities Signal measured All results kept in the Individual Monitoring Services Group (IMSG) Related by calibration and calculation Operational quantities Hp(d) or intake Related by calculation Protection quantities Effective dose IAEA Results reported to Di. Ch, RPOs and staff members Radiation Safety Technical Services 4

Quantities Used for Reporting • Measurement results will be recorded and, if appropriate, reported in terms of Hp(d) … A … I … HE … Personal dose equivalent [m. Sv] Activity [Bq] Intake [Bq] Committed effective dose [m. Sv] Effective dose [m. Sv] IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 5

External Dosimetry • Whole-body thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) − Labelled with wearer’s name and sealed in plastic bag − 8814 beta/gamma/neutron (BGN) dosimeter holder with appropriate filtration, containing 4 Li. F: Mg, Ti TLDs encapsulated between Teflon sheets on durable aluminium card substrate − 8806 albedo gamma/neutron (GN) dosimeter holder with appropriate filtration, containing 4 Li. F: Mg, Ti TLDs encapsulated between Teflon sheets on durable aluminium card substrate • Extremity thermoluminescence dosimeters (DXT-RAD) − Adjustable finger ring carrying TLD pellet bonded to Kapton® film • Whole-body electronic personal dosimeters (EPDs) IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 6

Whole-Body TLD Configuration BGN type IAEA GN type Radiation Safety Technical Services 7

Whole-Body TLD Configuration BGN type IAEA GN type Radiation Safety Technical Services 8

Whole-Body TLD Specifications • Detector: Li. F: Mg, Ti • Measurement quantities: Hp(10) and Hp(0. 07) • Energy range: − Photons: 33 ke. V to 1, 250 ke. V and 6. 6 Me. V − Beta: 230 ke. V (Pm) to 2. 2 Me. V (Sr) − Neutrons: Thermal to 5 Me. V • Dose range: 0. 05 m. Sv to 10 Sv IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 9

Extremity TLD Configuration TLD pellets Disk dosimeter with circular barcode IAEA TLD pellets Radiation Safety Technical Services 10

TLD Readers Harshaw 6600 plus IAEA Harshaw 5500 Radiation Safety Technical Services 11

Whole-Body EPD Specifications • Detector: 3 silicon diodes • Measurement quantities: Hp(10) and Hp(0. 07) • Energy range: − Photons: 33 ke. V (N-40) to 1, 250 ke. V (S-Co) and 6. 6 Me. V (R-F) − Beta: 230 ke. V (Pm) to 2. 2 Me. V (Sr) • Dose range: 0. 001 m. Sv to 10 Sv • Neutron EPDs available upon request IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 12

Internal Dosimetry • Direct monitoring (in vivo) − Whole body − Organs (lungs, liver, thyroid, …) • Indirect monitoring (in vitro) − Biological samples (urine, faeces, nails, …) − Physical samples IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 13

Whole-Body Counting Laboratory • Equipment: − Broad-energy Germanium detectors − Canberra DSA 1000 multichannel analyser • Low energy range: 5 ke. V to 300 ke. V • High energy range: 15 ke. V to 2 Me. V IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 14

Urine Analysis Laboratory • Gamma spectrometry for photon emitters − Equipment: High-purity and broad-energy Germanium detectors − Energy range: 10 ke. V to 2 Me. V • Alpha spectrometry for alpha emitters − Equipment: Alpha Analyst with PIPS detectors − Energy range: 2 to 8 Me. V • Liquid scintillation counting for beta emitters − Equipment: Tri-Carb 3170 TR/SL − Energy range: 0 to 18. 6 ke. V IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 15

Accredited Methods • Individual monitoring − External dosimetry by means of active personal dosimeters, TLD (γ, β, n) and extremity (β) − Internal Dosimetry by means of WBC for torso and lungs (trans-U), UAL for α, β and γ emitters • Workplace monitoring − Dose rate, surface contamination, Pu in air and waste, leakage test of sources IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 16

Thank you for your kind attention! IAEA Radiation Safety Technical Services 17