Assessing Intelligence AP Psychology Alfred Binet n Alfred

+ Assessing Intelligence AP Psychology

+ Alfred Binet n Alfred Binet and his colleague Théodore Simon practiced a more modern form of intelligence testing n Developed questions that would predict children’s future progress in the Paris school system.

+ Alfred Binet—Mental Age n Alfred Binet was the first to develop a test to classify children’s mental abilitiesn Did not test mastery of schoolwork or what they should know after a specific class, n Rather a child’s mental abilities that included memory, attention, which he referred to as mental age (definition to follow).

+ Alfred Binet—Mental Age n There are certain mental abilities that a person should be able to perform at a specific age- this is referred to as mental age. n This mental age described where a person should be intelligently. n For example: a 9 year old should have a mental age of 9. n If a child who is 11, but has a mental age of 5 would be considered or may have a disability

+ The Stanford-Binet Test and Intelligent Quotient n Lewis Terman adapted Binet’s test for use in the United States, which he called the Stanford-Binet test n William Stern wrote the scoring criteria for the Stanford-Binet test through the development of the Intelligence quotient

+ Lewis Terman & William Stern Stanford-Binet IQ Test Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test IQ=(MA/CA)*100 IQ=Intelligence Quotient MA=Mental Age CA=Chronological Age n. A score of 100 would be considered average

+ Calculating Intelligence For an average 7 yr old… n MA=7 n CA=7 n IQ=(MA/CA)*100 n IQ=(7/7)*100 n IQ=100 (average)

+ Calculating Intelligence For an average 11 yr old… n. MA=11 n. CA=11 n. IQ=(MA/CA)*100 n. IQ=(11/11)*100 n. IQ=100

+ Calculating Intelligence For an above average 10 yr old… n MA=12 n CA=10 n IQ=(MA/CA)*100 n IQ=(12/10)*100 n IQ=1. 2*100 n IQ=120

+ Calculating Intelligence For a below average 8 yr old… n. MA=6 n. CA=8 n. IQ=(MA/CA)*100 n. IQ=(6/8)*100 n. IQ=. 75*100 n. IQ=75

+ Calculating Intelligence n. Formula has been replaced with modern versions n. A glitch… n. MA levels off at about 18 x Average 18 yr old MA=18 CA=18 IQ=(18/18)*100 IQ=(1/1)*100=100 Average 36 yr old MA=18 CA=36 IQ=(18/36)*100 IQ=(1/2)*100=50

+ Intelligence Tests How is intelligence measured?

+ Intelligence Tests n Binet-Simon scale n First test of intelligence, developed to identify children who might have difficulty in school n Binet developed the concept of mental age in children n Stanford-Binet n L. scale M. Terman’s adaptation of the Binet-Simon scale n Terman introduced the I. Q. score n A score of 100 is considered average

+ Aptitude vs. Achievement Aptitude Tests n Designed to make predictions about future performances n An ACT test is considered an aptitude test because the score is used as a predictor for success in college Achievement Tests n Designed to reflect what a person has learned, or mastered n A test you take in history would be an achievement test because it is assessing what you have learned in history

+ David Wechsler n Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) n And later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for preschoolers.

+ The WAIS n The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the most widely used intelligence test in the United States n The WAIS has 2 sets of tests, verbal scale and performance scale n WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.

+ WAIS

+ Intelligence Tests n Group Tests n Intelligence tests that can be given to large groups n Advantages n n n Quick scoring No examiner bias Easier to establish norms n Disadvantages n n n Less likely to detect someone who is ill or confused Might make people nervous Learning disabled children often perform worse

+ Intelligence Tests n Performance tests n Tests that minimize the use of language n Used to test very young children or people with retardation n Also can be used to test those unfamiliar with English n Culture-fair n Tests tests designed to reduce cultural bias n Minimize skills and values that vary from one culture to another

+ Test Construction How is test data analyzed?

+ Principles of test Construction n Normal Curve is a bell shaped curve that includes a normal distribution of scoresn half above the average and half below the average n with most scores falling right around the averagethe mean

+ Flynn Effect n In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect. n What might be contributing to this?

+ Principles of test Construction n Mean is the average score n median is score in the middle- the high point of the curve n mode is the score or number that appears the most n standard deviation is how the scores deviate or spread from the mean n if the mean is 71 and a person scores a 4 then that score would have high, or great standard deviation

+ Principles of test Construction n Standardization is defining present scores through comparison to a group who previously took the test that is called the representative sample n. A teacher often compares present class scores to past scores to ensure students learning the material. n For example if a class averaged 51 and the group who took the same test last year averaged 75, then the teacher may have not properly taught the material to the present group

+ Principles of test Construction n Reliability is the measure of giving a test multiple times and receiving similar scores each time the test is given n A test is considered reliable if each time that test is given similar results are posted.

+ Principles of test Construction— Testing Reliability n Alternative form- giving alternatives of the same test n If you took test form B, you should get the same score if you took form A test n Split-half- calculating a score by dividing the test into different parts then comparing n Comparing the odd and even questions would be an example of split-half reliability. n Test-retest- giving the same test twice and then comparing the scores

+ Principles of test Construction n Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure

+ Principles of test Construction— Testing Validity n Content validity- test measures the content it is supposed to measure n If you are studying psychology, then you should take a psychology test- not a history test n Construct validity- test measures a specific theory, or question n Certain questions may be written to test if students are paying attention in class- based on lectures n Predictive validity- test makes predictions about future performances n Certain questions may be written to test whether students will do well on the following chapter