ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL

ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY 26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia | Banca d’Italia – Financial Stability Directorate SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA 26 NOVEMBRE 2016 CONVEGNO SCIENTIFICO LA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA E LE GRANDI CRISI ECONOMICHE 1929 -2016 Wanda Cornacchia

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this presentation are my own and do not necessarily coincide with those of Banca d’Italia. Wanda Cornacchia 2

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY OUTLINE § The real estate market and financial stability in Italy § Risk assessment framework ü early warning models (EWM) for Italy ü real-estate related indicators decision making based on guided discretion § Conclusions Wanda Cornacchia 3

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY The real estate market and financial stability in Italy § The real estate sector plays a central role in the Italian economy, due to (chart): • the contribution that it makes to production • the preponderance of real estate assets in households’ wealth • the links with the financial system § A significant share of bank lending is directed to this sector. (figure) Wanda Cornacchia 4

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Risk assessment framework: data description (lhs variable) § Italy has not experienced any real estate-related systemic banking crises (i. e. non-crisis country) => major challenge is the definition of an appropriate “left-hand side variable” § In order to identify systemic banking vulnerabilities stemming from the real estate sector we therefore construct the following ratio: § The ratio is available since 1990 Q 1 for households (i. e. the residential real estate sector, RRE) and constructions and real estate agencies (C&RE). Wanda Cornacchia 5

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY RRE and C&RE banking vulnerability indicator (quarterly data; per cent) Wanda Cornacchia 6

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Risk assessment framework: data description (potential EWIs) Wanda Cornacchia 7

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Risk assessment framework: early warning models (EWMs) § 3 complementary EWMs have been considered: übinary logit model ü ordered logit model ü Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) based on linear regression models § Logit models provides an interesting and potentially useful tool to understand potential vulnerabilities in the RRE market but there are some drawbacks: ü in order to define vulnerabilities we discretize a continous variable -> not all the information set is considered ü the analysis is made only in sample (too few observations) § We focus on continuous left hand side variables and we apply BMA models to our analysis ü BMA can be used for ranking variables: what are the most important variables? ü easy to extend to out-of-sample analysis Wanda Cornacchia 8

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Risk assessment framework: BMA § BMA tackles the problem of model and variable selection by estimating models for all possible combinations of variables and constructing a weighted average over all the models. If there are K potential variables, 2 K variable combinations are available => 2 K models are estimated. § By using the BMA, it is possible to associate each variable with a posterior inclusion probability (i. e. the sum of posterior model probabilities for all the models where a variable was included) => ranking of the indicators in terms of their importance in the BMA estimation. § Our methodology is based on 3 steps: 1. the selection of the optimal set of variables: feature selection ü the variables that are correlated with our vulnerability indicator and not highly correlated with each other in the training period are selected. ü starting from these variables, we estimate BMA linear regression model on the training period (1990 Q 1 -2005 Q 4) and we keep the subset of variables that minimize the average prediction error, expressed in terms of the root mean squared error, for the test period (2007 Q 1 -2014 Q 2) => optimal set of variables. (figure RRE; figure CRE) Wanda Cornacchia 9

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Risk assessment framework: BMA 2. the estimation and out-of-sample performance evaluation estimate the BMA linear regression model on the training period using the optimal subset of variables selected in step 1 and apply the recursive approach to evaluate the out-of-sample performance of the model. (figure RRE; figure CRE) 3. an out-of-sample forecasting exercise Use the BMA model estimated on the whole observed period to forecast the average value together with the percentiles of the distribution of the vulnerability indicator. (figure) Wanda Cornacchia 10

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Risk assessment framework: real estate related indicators § Main real estate related indicators to monitor financial stability risks in Italy: ü Real estate indicators ü Bank and credit indicators ü Household indicators Share of municipalities according to house price variations (old) (biannual data; percentage values) Wanda Cornacchia Commercial property prices in Italy (annual data; indices 2007=100) 11

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Loans to construction and real estate agencies (per cent) Wanda Cornacchia 12

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Loans to households for house purchase (millions of euros and per cent) Wanda Cornacchia New bad loans to households for house purchase by year of disbursment (per cent of the number of contracts) 13

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Conclusions § In Italy bank vulnerabilities related to real estate market downturns mostly originate from the real estate business sector, characterized by high debt, and to a much lesser extent from the household sector, whose indebtedness level is limited, also compared with other countries. § In the first half of 2016 the flow of new bad debts continued to decline for construction and real estate firms and remained low for home mortgages, including in relation to banks’ capital. § Early warning indicators point to a significant fall over the next few quarters in the risks for banks attributable to the real estate sector as regards loans both to households and to firms. § The econometric analysis is complemented with a set of real-estate related indicators developed to monitor financial stability risks. The results provided by these indicators are, among others, that: i) the share of Italian municipalities that recorded a decline in house prices on a cyclical basis decreased; ii) the riskiness of more recent borrowers is far below that of the borrowers that took out a loan before 2009. Wanda Cornacchia 14

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY References § Cornacchia W. , Ferrari S. and Pirovano M. (2015), “Identifying early warning indicators for real estate banking crises”, ESRB Occasional Paper n. 8. § Ciocchetta F. , Cornacchia W. , Felici R. and Loberto M. (2016), “Assessing financial stability risks arising from the real estate market in Italy”, Bank of Italy Occasional Paper n. 323. § ESRB report on RRE and financial stability in the EU (2015), December. § ESRB report on CRE and financial stability in the EU (2015), December. Wanda Cornacchia 15

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY ANNEX Wanda Cornacchia 16

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Nexus between the housing market and the economy Source: ESRB report on RRE and financial stability (december 2015) Wanda Cornacchia back 17

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia back 18

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia back 19

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia back 20

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia back 21

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia back 22

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Wanda Cornacchia back 23

26 NOVEMBRE 2016 | SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ASSESSING FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS ARISING FROM THE REAL ESTATE MARKET IN ITALY Share of municipalities according to house price variations (biannual data; percentage values) back Wanda Cornacchia 24