Assembly Language for Intel Based Computers 5 th

Assembly Language for Intel. Based Computers, 5 th Edition Kip Irvine Chapter 2: IA-32 Processor Architecture (c) Pearson Education, 2006 -2007. All rights reserved. You may modify and copy this slide show for your personal use, or for use in the classroom, as long as this copyright statement, the author's name, and the title are not changed.

What's Next l l l General Concepts IA-32 Processor Architecture IA-32 Memory Management Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer Input-Output System Web site Examples 2

Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer l l Motherboard Video output Memory Input-output ports Web site Examples 3

Motherboard l l l l CPU socket External cache memory slots Main memory slots BIOS chips Sound synthesizer chip (optional) Video controller chip (optional) IDE, parallel, serial, USB, video, keyboard, joystick, network, and mouse connectors PCI bus connectors (expansion cards) Web site Examples 4

Intel D 850 MD Motherboard mouse, keyboard, parallel, serial, and USB connectors Video Audio chip PCI slots memory controller hub Pentium 4 socket AGP slot dynamic RAM Firmware hub I/O Controller Speaker Battery Power connector Diskette connector Source: Intel® Desktop Board D 850 MD/D 850 MV Technical Product Specification IDE drive connectors Web site Examples 5

Video Output l Video controller l l Video memory (VRAM) Video CRT Display l l on motherboard, or on expansion card AGP (accelerated graphics port technology)* uses raster scanning horizontal retrace vertical retrace Direct digital LCD monitors l no raster scanning required Web site Examples 6

Sample Video Controller (ATI Corp. ) • 128 -bit 3 D graphics performance powered by RAGE™ 128 PRO • 3 D graphics performance • Intelligent TV-Tuner with Digital VCR • TV-ON-DEMAND™ • Interactive Program Guide • Still image and MPEG-2 motion video capture • Video editing • Hardware DVD video playback • Video output to TV or VCR Web site Examples 7

Memory l l l ROM l read-only memory EPROM l erasable programmable read-only memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM) l inexpensive; must be refreshed constantly Static RAM (SRAM) l expensive; used for cache memory; no refresh required Video RAM (VRAM) l dual ported; optimized for constant video refresh CMOS RAM l complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor 8 Web site Examples l system setup information

Input-Output Ports l USB (universal serial bus) l l l intelligent high-speed connection to devices up to 12 megabits/second USB hub connects multiple devices enumeration: computer queries devices supports hot connections Parallel l l short cable, high speed common for printers bidirectional, parallel data transfer Intel 8255 controller chip Web site Examples 9

Input-Output Ports (cont) l Serial l l RS-232 serial port one bit at a time uses long cables and modems 16550 UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter) programmable in assembly language Web site Examples 10

What's Next l l l General Concepts IA-32 Processor Architecture IA-32 Memory Management Components of an IA-32 Microcomputer Input-Output System Web site Examples 11

Levels of Input-Output l l Level 3: Call a library function (C++, Java) l easy to do; abstracted from hardware; details hidden l slowest performance Level 2: Call an operating system function l specific to one OS; device-independent l medium performance Level 1: Call a BIOS (basic input-output system) function l may produce different results on different systems l knowledge of hardware required l usually good performance Level 0: Communicate directly with the hardware 12 l May not be allowed by some operating systems Web site Examples

Displaying a String of Characters When a HLL program displays a string of characters, the following steps take place: Web site Examples 13

ASM Programming levels ASM programs can perform input-output at each of the following levels: Web site Examples 14