Assembler Algorithm and Data Structures Assembler Functions Convert

Assembler Algorithm and Data Structures

Assembler Functions • Convert Mnemonic Operation Codes to Machine Level Equivalents • Convert Symbolic Operands to their equivalent machine addresses. (Requires Two passes) • Build the machine instructions in the proper format • Convert data constants specified in source program into their internal machine representations. • Write Object Program and assembly listing.

Data Structures • Operation Code Table (OPTAB) – Used to look up mnemonic operation codes and translate them into machine language equivalents – Contains the mnemonic operation code and its machine language equivalent – In more complex assemblers, contains information like instruction format and length

Data Structures • Symbol Table – Used to store values (addresses) assigned to labels – Includes the name and value for each label – Flags to indicate error conditions, e. g. duplicate definition of labels – May contain other info like type or length about the data area or instruction labeled

Data Structures • LOCCTR – Used to help in the assignment of addresses – Initialized to the beginning address specified in the START statement – After each source statement is processed, the length of the assembled instruction or data area to be generated is added – Gives the address of a label

Assembler Algorithm – Pass 1 • Assign addresses to all statements in the program • Save the values (addresses) assigned to all labels for use in Pass 2 • Perform some processing of assembler directives. (This includes processing that affects address assignment, such as determining the length of data areas defined by BYTE, RESW, etc.

Assembler Algorithm – Pass 2 • Assemble instructions (translating operation codes and looking up addresses). • Generate data values defined by BYTE, WORD, etc. • Perform processing of assembler directives not done during Pass 1 • Write the object program and the assembly listing

Loc PASS -1 begin read first input line if OPCODE = 'START' then begin save #[OPERAND] as starting address initialized LOCCTR to starting address write line to intermediate file read next input line end {if START} else initialized LOCCTR to 0 1000 COPY 1000 FIRST 1003 CLOOP 1006 1009 100 C 1000 F 1012 1015 ENDFIL 1018 101 B 101 E 1021 1024 1027 102 A EOF 102 D THREE 1030 ZERO 1033 RETADR 1036 LENGTH 1039 BUFFER. . . 2039 RDREC …. . . 2061 WRREC. . Source Statement START STL JSUB LDA COMP JEQ JSUB J LDA STA JSUB LDL RSUB WORD RESW RESB 1000 RETADR RDREC LENGTH ZERO ENDFIL WRREC CLOOP EOF BUFFER THREE LENGTH WRREC RETADR BYTE 3 WORD 1 1 4096 COPY FILE FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT SAVE RETURN ADDRESS READ INPUT RECORD TEST FOR EOF (LENGTH = 0) EXIT IF EOF FOUND WRITE OUTPUT RECORD LOOP INSERT END OF FILE MARKER SET LENGTH = 3 WRITE EOF GET RETURN ADDRESS RETURN TO CALLER C’EOF’ 0 LENGTH OF RECORD 4096 -BYTE BUFFER AREA SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER LDX ZERO CLEAR LOOP COUNTER SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER LDX ZERO END FIRST CLEAR LOOP COUNTER

while OPCODE != 'END' do begin if this is not a comment line then begin if there is a symbol in the LABEL field then begin search SYMTAB for LABEL if found then set error flag (duplicate symbol) else insert (LABEL, LOCCTR) into SYMTAB end {if symbol} search OPTAB for OPCODE if found then add 3 {instruction lengh} to LOCCTR else if OPCODE = 'WORD' then add 3 to LOCCTR else if OPCODE = 'RESW' then add 3 * #[OPERAND] to LOCCTR else if OPCODE = 'RESB' then add #[OPERAND] to LOCCTR else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' then begin find length of constant in bytes add length to LOCCTR end {if BYTE} else set error flag (invalid operation code) end {if not a comment} write line to intermediate file read next input line end {while not END} write last line to intermediate file save (LOCCTR - starting address) as program length end 1000 COPY 1000 FIRST 1003 CLOOP 1006 1009 100 C 1000 F 1012 1015 ENDFIL 1018 101 B 101 E 1021 1024 1027 102 A EOF 102 D THREE 1030 ZERO 1033 RETADR 1036 LENGTH 1039 BUFFER. . . 2039 RDREC …. . . 2061 WRREC. . START STL JSUB LDA COMP JEQ JSUB J LDA STA JSUB LDL RSUB WORD RESW RESB 1000 RETADR RDREC LENGTH ZERO ENDFIL WRREC CLOOP EOF BUFFER THREE LENGTH WRREC RETADR BYTE 3 WORD 1 1 4096 COPY FILE FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT SAVE RETURN ADDRESS READ INPUT RECORD TEST FOR EOF (LENGTH = 0) EXIT IF EOF FOUND WRITE OUTPUT RECORD LOOP INSERT END OF FILE MARKER SET LENGTH = 3 WRITE EOF GET RETURN ADDRESS RETURN TO CALLER C’EOF’ 0 LENGTH OF RECORD 4096 -BYTE BUFFER AREA SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER LDX ZERO CLEAR LOOP COUNTER SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER LDX ZERO END FIRST CLEAR LOOP COUNTER

PASS -2 begin read first input file {from intermediate file} if OPCODE = 'START' then begin write listing line read next input line end {if START} write header record to object program initialized first Text record Loc 1000 COPY 1000 FIRST 1003 CLOOP 1006 1009 100 C 1000 F 1012 1015 ENDFIL 1018 101 B 101 E 1021 1024 1027 102 A EOF 102 D THREE 1030 ZERO 1033 RETADR 1036 LENGTH 1039 BUFFER. . . 2039 RDREC …. . . 2061 WRREC. . Source Statement START STL JSUB LDA COMP JEQ JSUB J LDA STA JSUB LDL RSUB WORD RESW RESB 1000 RETADR RDREC LENGTH ZERO ENDFIL WRREC CLOOP EOF BUFFER THREE LENGTH WRREC RETADR BYTE 3 WORD 1 1 4096 Object Code COPY FILE FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT SAVE RETURN ADDRESS 141033 READ INPUT RECORD 482039 TEST FOR EOF (LENGTH = 0) 001036 281030 EXIT IF EOF FOUND 301015 WRITE OUTPUT RECORD 482061 LOOP 3 C 1003 INSERT END OF FILE MARKER 00102 A 0 C 1039 SET LENGTH = 3 00102 D 0 C 1036 WRITE EOF 482061 GET RETURN ADDRESS 081033 RETURN TO CALLER 4 C 000 C’EOF’ 454 F 46 000003 0 000000 LENGTH OF RECORD 4096 -BYTE BUFFER AREA SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER LDX ZERO CLEAR LOOP COUNTER 041030 SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER LDX ZERO END FIRST CLEAR LOOP COUNTER 041030

while OPCODE != 'END' do begin if this is not a comment line then begin search OPTAB for OPCODE if found then begin if there is a symbol in OPERAND field then begin search SYMTAB for OPERAND if found then store symbol value as operand address else begin store 0 as operand address set error flag (undefined symbol) end {if symbol} else store 0 as operand address assemble the object code instruction end {if opcode found} else if OPCODE = 'BYTE' or 'WORD' then convert constant to object code if object code not fit into the current Text record then begin write Text record to object program initialized new Text record end add object code to Text record end {if not comment} write listing line read next input line end {while not END} 1000 COPY 1000 FIRST 1003 CLOOP 1006 1009 100 C 1000 F 1012 1015 ENDFIL 1018 101 B 101 E 1021 1024 1027 102 A EOF 102 D THREE 1030 ZERO 1033 RETADR 1036 LENGTH 1039 BUFFER. . . 2039 RDREC …. . . 2061 WRREC. . START STL JSUB LDA COMP JEQ JSUB J LDA STA JSUB LDL RSUB WORD RESW RESB 1000 RETADR RDREC LENGTH ZERO ENDFIL WRREC CLOOP EOF BUFFER THREE LENGTH WRREC RETADR BYTE 3 WORD 1 1 4096 COPY FILE FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT SAVE RETURN ADDRESS 141033 READ INPUT RECORD 482039 TEST FOR EOF (LENGTH = 0) 001036 281030 EXIT IF EOF FOUND 301015 WRITE OUTPUT RECORD 482061 LOOP 3 C 1003 INSERT END OF FILE MARKER 00102 A 0 C 1039 SET LENGTH = 3 00102 D 0 C 1036 WRITE EOF 482061 GET RETURN ADDRESS 081033 RETURN TO CALLER 4 C 000 C’EOF’ 454 F 46 000003 0 000000 LENGTH OF RECORD 4096 -BYTE BUFFER AREA SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER LDX ZERO CLEAR LOOP COUNTER 041030 SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER LDX ZERO END FIRST CLEAR LOOP COUNTER 041030

write last Text record to object program write End record to object program write last listing line end 1000 COPY 1000 FIRST 1003 CLOOP 1006 1009 100 C 1000 F 1012 1015 ENDFIL 1018 101 B 101 E 1021 1024 1027 102 A EOF 102 D THREE 1030 ZERO 1033 RETADR 1036 LENGTH 1039 BUFFER. . . 2039 RDREC …. . . 2061 WRREC. . START STL JSUB LDA COMP JEQ JSUB J LDA STA JSUB LDL RSUB WORD RESW RESB 1000 RETADR RDREC LENGTH ZERO ENDFIL WRREC CLOOP EOF BUFFER THREE LENGTH WRREC RETADR BYTE 3 WORD 1 1 4096 COPY FILE FROM INPUT TO OUTPUT SAVE RETURN ADDRESS 141033 READ INPUT RECORD 482039 TEST FOR EOF (LENGTH = 0) 001036 281030 EXIT IF EOF FOUND 301015 WRITE OUTPUT RECORD 482061 LOOP 3 C 1003 INSERT END OF FILE MARKER 00102 A 0 C 1039 SET LENGTH = 3 00102 D 0 C 1036 WRITE EOF 482061 GET RETURN ADDRESS 081033 RETURN TO CALLER 4 C 000 C’EOF’ 454 F 46 000003 0 000000 LENGTH OF RECORD 4096 -BYTE BUFFER AREA SUBROUTINE TO READ RECORD INTO BUFFER LDX ZERO CLEAR LOOP COUNTER 041030 SUBROUTINE TO WRITE RECORD FROM BUFFER LDX ZERO END FIRST CLEAR LOOP COUNTER 041030

H | COPY | 001000 | 00107 A T | 001000 | 1 E | 141033 | 482039 | 001036 | … T | 00101 E | 15 | 0 C 1036 | 482061 | 081033 | … … T | 002073 | 07 | 382064 | 4 C 0000 | 05 E | 001000 Header record: Col. 1 Col. 2 -7 Col. 8 -13 Col. 14 -19 H Program name Starting address of object program (hexadecimal) Length of object program in bytes (hexadecimal) Text record: Col. 1 Col. 2 -7 Col. 8 -9 Col. 10 – 69 T Starting address for object code in this record (hexadecimal) Length of object code in this record in bytes (hexadecimal) Object code, represented in hexadecimal. (69 -10+1)/6=10 instructions End record: Col. 1 Col. 2 -7 E Address of first executable instruction in object program (hexadecimal)