ASIS Workshop 99 Overview What is holding ASIS

ASIS Workshop ‘ 99 • Overview • What is holding ASIS back? • Toolkit and Extensions Layers • Guidelines • Integrating tools • Demonstration • Brainstorming • Data Decomposition Annex • Tool Launchers • Future Directions • Promoting ASIS • New Tools • Other Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 1 Aonix

Expanding ASIS An Interface to the Ada 95 Compilation Environment Steve Blake Aonix • What is ASIS? • The ASIS Toolkit • The ASIS Extensions • Guidelines • Functionality • Components for Integrated Tools • Integrated Suite Demonstration Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 2 Aonix

What is ASIS? Ada Environment Ada Source Code Compile Link ASIS Interface proprietary interface standard interface A P P L I C A T I O N S Y S T E M Static Analysis Tools Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 3 Aonix

Syntactic Information Ada syntax is summarized in Ada 95 RM, Annex P as variant of Backus-Naur Form For example: object_declaration : : == defining_identifier_list : [aliased] [constant] subtype_indication [: = expression]; |. . . For the Ada object declaration => Syntactic Element Tree Representation => A B List of Identifiers A, B: Latitude : = 0. 0; Object : Latitude Subtype Indication Object Declaration : = 0. 0 Initial Expression ASIS can extract desired syntactic information for every syntactic category Of the 367 ASIS Queries, most support syntactic tree analysis Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 4 Aonix

Semantic Information Ada semantics are provided via mechanisms such as Corresponding_: Full Type Declaration Type Definition Real Type Definition Floating Point Definition Digits Corresponding_Type_Declaration, Corresponding_Name_Definition, Corresponding_Called_Function, Corresponding_Called_Entity, Corresponding_Type, Corresponding_Body, Corresponding_Entry, etc. Latitude 8 Defining Identifier Static Expression Range Corresponding_Expression_Type -90. 0 Real Range Specification +90. 0 Corresponding_ Name_Declaration Static Simple Expressions Object Declaration Object Corresponding_Name_Declaration A : = A + B; A B : List of Identifiers Latitude Subtype Indication 0. 0 : = Initial Expression These mechanisms allow ASIS to traverse the syntactic tree like Hypertext allows one to traverse a document Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 5 Aonix

Examples of Tools Built on ASIS Tools portable to Ada environments supporting ASIS Interface Code Restructuring Tools Code Browsing and Navigation Tools Coding Style and Standards Compliance Tools Cross Reference Tools Data Flow Analysis Tools Dependency Tree Analysis Tools Design Tools Document Generation Tools Invocation (Call) Tree Analysis Tools Language-sensitive Editing and Prettyprinting Tools Language Translation Tools Quality Assessment Tools Reverse Engineering Tools Re-Engineering Tools Safety & Security Compliance Tools Static Correctness Verifiers Tasking Analysis Tools Test-case Generation & Coverage Analysis Tools Usage, Quality, & Complexity Metrics Tools ASIS Interface Ada Environment Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 6 Aonix

What is Holding ASIS Back? • ASIS has a steep learning curve – Large interface with few examples • ASIS is primitive – It takes a lot of queries to make a tool • ASIS only covers static semantics – Does not address dynamic program attributes • ASIS is not complete – There are “holes” in the standard Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 7 Aonix

What is the Solution? • Expand ASIS in 2 directions – Toolkit query layer • Serve as examples to reduce the learning curve • Higher level abstractions do more with less • Portable and interchangable with different vendors – Extension layer • Can address dynamic semantics • Fills holes and gaps • Not as portable as the Tookit layer Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 8 Aonix

The ASIS Toolkit Higher level, abstract, secondary queries built from ASIS primitives and other portable services ASIS. Toolkit Layer ASIS Interface Ada Environment Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 9 Aonix

The ASIS Extensions Higher level, abstract, secondary queries built from implementation, host, or target dependent services. Can use Toolkit layer. ASIS. Toolkit Layer ASIS. Extensions Layer ASIS Interface Ada Environment Copyright © 1999, Aonix Host or Target 02. 01. 2022 10 Aonix

Guidelines Make it Possible • They allow vendors to independently build Toolkit and Extensions to ASIS that will: – Promote portability for tools using the interfaces – Organize additions along clear paths – Expand easily while avoiding name collisions – Enhance understandability and usability – Mix and match with toolkits from other vendors – Provide the foundation for integrated tool sets Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 11 Aonix

Guidelines Make it Possible • Add ONLY TWO new child packages to ASIS – Asis. Toolkit – Asis. Extensions • Vendors identify themselves as children and then add unlimited descendents – Asis. Extensions. GNAT – Asis. Toolkit. Object. Ada. Call Trees – Asis. Toolkit. Apex. Expressions Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 12 Aonix

Guidelines Make it Possible • Toolkit queries are implemented with ASIS primitives, other Toolkit queries, or common portable services and data structures. • Extensions interfaces can make use of vendor specific, host or target dependent and other nonportable services. Can use Toolkit queries. Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 13 Aonix

Toolkit Functionality is Limitless • • • Initialize and Finalize the environment and context Select compilation units (using filters, wild carding) Classify elements (Is_Package, Is_Task, Is_Global, …) Classify types (cut through derivations and privates) Object Oriented queries (Controlling_Parameter, Corr_Tagged_Type) Provide Lists, Trees, Sorting and other utilities Offer generic report templates Build iterative structures like Call Trees, Dependency Graphs Perform Source Transformations Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 14 Aonix

Extension Functionality · Type and object sizes and alignments · Record layout information: component positions, first_bit, width · Array ranges and component sizes · Subprogram frame sizes and stack offsets of local objects · Addresses of subprograms, tasks, data within a target specific partition or program · Filename, directory, or other host dependent functions Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 15 Aonix

An Integrated Tool Suite • Toolkit and Extensions queries provide the building blocks for individual tools • Asis. Extensions. Object. Ada. HTML is a simple interface that can glue individual tool output into an easily navigated set of reports Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 16 Aonix

package Asis. Extensions. Object. Ada. HTML is --------------------------------- Operations to form HTML anchors and links. --------------------------------function Anchor (Declaration : in Asis. Declaration) return String; --------------------------------- Returns an HTML anchor created for the Declaration. ---------------------------------function Link (URL : in String; Anchor : in String; Image : in String) return String; -- Returns an HTML link created from the Image to its URL and Anchor. ---------------------------------function Link (Anchor : in Asis. Declaration; Image : in String) return String; --------------------------------- Returns an HTML link created from the Image to the Anchor. ---------------------------------function Link (Expression : in Asis. Expression) return String; --------------------------------- Returns an HTML link created from the Expression to its -- declaration. ---------------------------------end Asis. Extensions. Object. Ada. HTML; Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 17 Aonix

Tool Suite: Source Navigator • Transforms the original source into a browsable file with links connecting semantically related elements. – Names linked to declarations – Declarations linked to completions – Bodies linked to corresponding declarations Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 18 Aonix

Tool Suite: Profiler • Creates compilable copy of the source and inserts a unique controlled object declaration in callable entities • The controlled object’s Adjust and Finalize procedures are invoked whenever a callee’s scope is entered and exited. • The callee’s count and timing information is collected and saved at runtime. • A report tool constructs the profile report with links to the Navigator sources. Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 19 Aonix

Tool Suite: Call Tree Report • Uses the Toolkit Call_Trees package to build a call tree of a main program • Walks the Call_Tree using the generic traverse routine and generates the output report. • The tool constructs the call tree report with local anchors and links to the Navigator sources. Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 20 Aonix

Integrated Tool Output with Navigation Links Call Tree Report Profiler Report Testprofiler | entry T 1. Go at line 45 | entry T 2. Go at line 46 | procedure Proc 1 at line 48 | | function "+" at line 30 | | function "<" at line 31 | | procedure Proc 1 at line 32 * RECURSIVE * * REPEAT * | procedure Main 180 at line 49 | | entry Calc. Go at line 22 | | entry Thread_1. finish at line 24 | | procedure Put at line 25 | | procedure Put at line 26 * REPEAT * | | function Positive at line 26 | | procedure New_Line at line 26 | | entry Thread_2. finish at line 28 | | procedure Put at line 29 * REPEAT * | | procedure Put at line 30 * REPEAT * | | function Positive at line 30 | | procedure New_Line at line 30 * REPEAT * | | entry Thread_3. finish at line 32 | | procedure Put at line 33 * REPEAT * | | procedure Put at line 34 * REPEAT * | | procedure New_Line at line 34 * REPEAT * | procedure Proc 1 at line 50 * REPEAT * | procedure Proc 2 at line 51 | | procedure Proc 1 at line 38 * REPEAT * Elapsed time: 30. 7045 seconds. ACCEPT Pack_is_a_prime. Task_is_prime. start Id 11 30 calls using 10. 2778 seconds (% 33. 4733) TASK Main 180. Calc Id 5 30 calls using 9. 9629 seconds (% 32. 4476) TASK Pack_is_a_prime. Task_is_prime Id 10 30 calls using 9. 9523 seconds (% 32. 4132) PROC Main 180 Id 6 30 calls using 0. 3799 seconds (% 1. 2372) TASK Testprofiler. Do_Main Id 7 2 calls using 0. 0526 seconds (% 0. 1711) procedure Main 180 IS Thread_1 : Task_factorial; Thread_2 : Task_factorial; Thread_3 : Task_is_prime; Factorial: Positive; Prime : Boolean; task Calc is entry Go; end Calc; task body Calc is separate; begin Calc. Go; with main 180; with Ada. Text_IO; procedure Testprofiler is I : Integer; task type Do_Main is entry Go; end Do_Main; task body Do_Main is separate; T 1, T 2: Do_Main; Thread_1. Finish( factorial ); -- Obtain result Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 separate(Main 180) task body Calc is begin accept GO; Thread_1. Start(5); -- Start factorial calculation Thread_2. Start(7); -- Start factorial calculation delay 1. 0; --### DEBUG Thread_3. Start(97); -- Start is_prime calculation end Calc; ~ procedure Main 180 IS 21 Aonix

How to Get ASIS Artifacts (including Toolkit interfaces) ASIS Home Page => http: //www. acm. org/sigada/WG/asiswg Also mirrored on sw-eng host for ftp on Internet => sw-eng. falls-church. va. us ASIS 95 specification is complete and ready for use: (Microsoft Word, postscript, ASCII, & HTML) ASIS is now available as ISO/IEC International Standard ISO/IEC 15291: 1999 Information technology — Programming languages — Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS) Also available are tutorials, papers, examples, bibliography Copyright © 1999, Aonix 02. 01. 2022 22 Aonix