Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change Stearns, Chapter 22 or 28 Janet R. Martin W. T. Woodson HS Janet. Martin@fcps. edu

1500 s n n Europeans arrive in East & Southeast Asia not much affected at first ¨ China & Japan strong enough to resist http: //home. planet. nl/~eljee/J. htm

Vasco da Gama n 1498 voyage to India ¨ Opened the way east for Europeans n n Europe had little to trade Asians not interested in Christianity http: //college. hmco. com/history/west/mosaic/chapter 9/images/vasco_da_gama. jpg

Limits to European success n Sea power allowed: ¨ Control of spice exports ¨ Regulation of some areas in Asian trade network ¨ Europe participation, not control ¨ Tribute regimes http: //www. thegutsygourmet. net/post-spice. jpg

Portuguese empire http: //geography. ucdavis. edu/njrallan/class/geo 10/slides/images/Geo 10 -124_jpg. jpg

Dutch trading empire, 1650 http: //occawlonline. pearsoned. com/bookbind/pubbooks/brummett_awl/chapter 20/medialib/thumbs/ch 20_378. html

Overall, n South & Southeast Asia ¨ Europeans stronger, ¨ But most Asians kept control n East Asia ¨ Ming China & Tokugawa Japan dominant

Japan n Governed by shogunates (Military governments) since 1100 s ¨ Kamakura, 1185 -1333 ¨ Muromachi, 1336 -1573 n 1300 s-early 1400 s ¨ Order breaking down ¨ Independent feudal states in conflict

Feudalism in Japan vs. Europe

Nobunaga (1534 -1582) n One of first daimyos ¨ Innovative & fierce ¨ Extensive use of firearms After his defeat, his generals gained control of Japan n Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536 -1598) n http: //www. wicknet. org/history/togden/Chapters/Chapter%208%20 and%209/Chapters%208%20 and%209%20 Pictures/hideyoshi. jpg

Toyotomi Hideyoshi Attacks Korea 1592, 1597 n Defeated by Admiral Yi Sun. Sin n “Turtle Boats” n ¨ First ironclad warships http: //www. pennfamily. org/KSS-USA/690428 -621. htm

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 -1616) n 1 st of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603 ¨Capital at Edo (Tokyo) ¨Brought all daimyos under his authority ¨Civil wars ended http: //samourais. free. fr/S_Histoire. Japon. html

“The nightingale does not sing!” n Nobunaga ¨“We will kill it. ” n Toyotomi Hideyoshi ¨“We will wait. ” n Tokugawa Ieyasu ¨“We will teach it. ” http: //www. uccash. com/graphics. htm

Edo castle http: //dougukan. jp/B 24. html

Tokugawa years Great Peace through dictatorship n Monopoly on gunpowder technology n Rigid class system n http: //www. hogaku. it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map 2. gif

Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan n n 1500 s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch arrived Traders & missionaries ¨ Francis n Xavier By 1614, up to 300, 000 converts ¨ 10% of population § http: //www. frontpagemag. com/articles/Printable. asp? ID=3993 “Portuguese arrive in Japan” Thomas Kostecki http: //www. kostecki. de/en/chegada. htm

Shoguns distrusted Christianity n Restrictions began 1580 s ¨ Missionaries ordered to leave ¨ 1590 s persecution began ¨ Banned 1614 Monument to Nagasaki martyrs http: //cue. stanford. edu/journal/entry. cgi? index =382

1649 Japan closed to foreigners By 1630 s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas n Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchants n ¨ Dutch post on Deshima Island n Western books banned http: //www. hendrick-hamel. henny-savenije. pe. kr/images/deshima. jpg

Shogunate’s accomplishments n Peace restored Population grew Roads, canals, internal economy grew n Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700 s n n ¨ Inflexibility ¨ Mid-1800 s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U. S. Commodore Perry) ¨ Tokugawa rule ended 1868

Ming Dynasty n n n 1368 -1644 Ruled world’s most populous state Restored ethnic Chinese rule after 400 years’ foreign domination http: //acc 6. its. brooklyn. cuny. edu/~phalsall/

Founder n Zhu Yuanzhang ¨ Peasant origins ¨ Buddhist monk Military commander in revolt against Mongols n Became Hongwu emperor n ¨ Laws favorable to peasants http: //www. paulnoll. com/China/Dynasty/history-Ming-emperors. html

Hall of Harmony http: //www. historywiz. com/forbiddencity. htm

Dragon throne http: //www. historywiz. com/qing. htm

Peak of cultural grandeur & elegance n n n Confucianism revived Civil service exams reinstated, expanded Return to scholar-gentry dominance Zhuxi (Neoconfucian) Kaifeng

Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynasty 1300 s-1400 s: active in conquering neighbors n Population growth based on new American crops n ¨ Corn ¨ Potato ¨ Sweet potato ¨ (Cotton) Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

Great Wall Final & lasting reconstruction n Built last 1000 kilometers n http: //www. free-beauty-tips. com/bw 3. html

Culture Principal strength in 1500 s-1600 s n Art & literature n ¨ Novels Silk n Porcelain n http: //www. jozan. net/Artikelbilleder/MTA 2003/Textile 17 ct-Ming-noah 1_gr. jpg

Ming porcelain n Emperors were biggest customers Prized by wealthy across Eurasia Rougher, more durable pieces sold to foreigners ¨ For silver ¨ American silver gave Europeans much greater access to Chinese markets

Europeans began arriving Portuguese, then Spanish n China was too big to conquer n ¨ Established trading houses Chinese image of 18 th-century European sailor

Matteo Ricci n Jesuit priest & scholar ¨ Respected n by Chinese Traveled in China ¨ 1583 -1610 ¨ Adopted Chinese dress ¨ Learned language n n Appointed court mathematician & astronomer Little success in spreading Christianity

Voyages of discovery Zheng He n Mongol, eunuch n 7 naval voyages, 1405 -1433 n

7 Voyages of Zheng He http: //www 1. cs. columbia. edu/~tliu/chinese/zhenghe. html

Zheng He’s fleet n 1 st expedition: ¨ 62 large ships ¨ 200 smaller ships ¨ 28000 men

Compared to Europeans Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long n Santa Maria 85 feet n

Why did they stop? n Interesting but not practical ¨ Giraffes, zebras n Glamorous but expensive n Analogy: US cut back space program

Chinese/European point of view n Chinese: ¨ Emperor: curious, ambitious ¨ Merchants opposed—China is rich already ¨ Scholar gentry opposed waste of money n threat to their power n Confucian bias against merchants & trade n n Europeans: wide support ¨ Increase national & personal wealth, power ¨ Spread Christianity

Fall of Ming Poor leadership n Internal corruption n Peasant revolts n Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded n ¨ Founded Qing dynasty http: //www. regenttour. com/china/history/qing. htm

Qing Dynasty 1644 -1912 n Last dynasty ¨ Kangxi n Emperor 1654 -1722