ASIA ASIA INCLUDES China Russia India Middle East

ASIA!

ASIA INCLUDES… China Russia India Middle East Japan And of course, all of those other countries So, because of that, let’s break it up: SOUTH ASIA, EAST ASIA, RUSSIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST.

SOUTH ASIA AKA INDIA

FOUNDATIONAL ERA (8000 BCE-600 CE) Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Aryans (1500 s BCE) Hinduism and caste system Maurya (Ashoka and Buddhism) and Gupta (back to Hinduism)

FOUNDATIONAL ERA (8000 BCE-600 CE) Active trade along the Silk Road Buddhism spread Social hierarchies and patriarchies Came up with the ‘zero’ and a numerical system

POSTCLASSICAL ERA (600 -1450) Islam in India – Delhi Sultanate Art, architecture, math, hella wealthy o Indian ocean trade! Cotton, silk, elephants, gems, cinnamon, pepper, salt o **syncretism**

EARLY MODERN ERA (1450 -1750) Mughal Empire – Akbar the Great (gunpowder!) Art, architecture, math, hella wealthy o Indian ocean trade! Cotton***, silk, elephants, gems, cinnamon, pepper, salt o **syncretism**

MODERN ERA (1750 -1900) British control Lots of Euro influence; India as the “jewel in the crown” of the British empire Built tons of infrastructure

LATE MODERN ERA (1900 -present) Rise of nationalism – Indian National Congress Gandhi – nonviolence Partition of India and Pakistan and Bangladesh Globalization!

THINGS YOU CAN ASSUME CONTINUITIES o Patriarchy o Caste-system o Hinduism always practiced (even with Buddhism and Islam – Hinduism was always there) o Until 1850 s, EXTRAORDINARILY wealthy o Involved in trade – Silk Road and Indian Ocean o Abundant natural resources CHANGES o Changes in religions (Ashoka, Delhi Sultanate) o Europe took over; imperialism o Independence and partition of India

EAST ASIA AKA, CHINA, and a little bit of Japan (sorry SE Asia, I love you, but the AP writers don’t care about you outside of the Cold War)

WAIT HOLD UP CHINA IS THE CENTER OF ALL OF ASIA AND INFLUENCES LITERALLY EVERYTHING AROUND IT ALWAYS (“Middle Kingdom”) China is the major power in the world until the Europeans discover the New World. It remains the dominant power in Asia until the 1800 s (Opium Wars), and then Japan rises. All other states – Koreas, Vietnam, SE Asia – are all influenced by China. With the exception of Japan, assume that whatever is happening in China is always happening in those other places too

DYNASTY MAJOR THINGS TO KNOW SHANG The Xia might have existed before it? Warriors on horses with bronze weapons ZHOU Shi – bureaucrats; oracle bones; shaman; pictographs; Confucianism QIN Shi Huangdi – united warring states, “first emperor”; legalism; Great Wall; burned books HAN Confucianism, bureaucracy, scholar-gentry; rudders, compasses, water mills, mining techniques *often, often compared with Roman empire* SUI Grand Canal! “Middle Kingdom” and tribute states start becoming more important TANG & SONG Everything is invented. Tang is Buddhist for a bit. Then Neo. Confucianism – blending of Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism. Champa rice. Food binding. YUAN Mongols rule and cause ethnic differentiation MING “brilliant”; isolationist; porcelain QING Manchu; Opium Wars; British control REPUBLIC Sun Yat-sen, ends dynastic cycle MAO COMMUNISM DYNASTIES

FOUNDATIONAL ERA (8000 BCE-600 CE) Active trade along the Silk Road Buddhism spread Social hierarchies and patriarchies Came up with the ‘zero’ and a numerical system

POSTCLASSICAL ERA (600 -1450) *SILK ROAD IS AT ITS HEIGHT DURING THIS ERA* o Paper money, porcelain, textiles, wheelbarrow, gunpowder, moveable type, kites, coal, poetry, art *Best and wealthiest region in the world – unrivaled until the 1700 s CHANGES: Trade (Silk Road) and non-isolation bc Mongols Buddhism Advancements in technology CONTINUITIES: Confucianism

EARLY & MODERN ERA (1450 -1750) Ming (1368 -1644) closes off China to the world *POWER SHIFTS FROM ASIA TO EUROPE IN THE 1700 S* Qing were doing okay and then the Opium Wars happened… **ESSAY PROMPT ABOUT REACTION TO FOREIGN INTERVENTION**

LATE MODERN ERA (1900 -present) Republic Mao Zedong Mao was a communist; killed lots Replaced by Deng Xiaoping and his “Open Door Policy”

THINGS YOU CAN ASSUME ABOUT CHINA CONTINUITIES o Confucianism (and Buddhism, later on, too) o Dynastic cycle, mandate of heaven o Extensive and elaborate bureaucracies o Patriarchy o Merchants not viewed well (in Confucianism) o Invented everything o LOTS of trading (Indian Ocean and Silk Road); China wealthy and has tons of ‘luxury goods’ o Influences everything around it – “Middle Kingdom” o Until 1700 s, the dominant world power o Until 1800 s, dominant power in Asia

WHAT ABOUT JAPAN? Watch “The History of Japan” video a bunch of times and you’ll be fine.

ANCIENT - POSTCLASSICAL (8000 BCE-1450 CE) Isolated. Japan borrowed a lot of things from China – was heavily influenced by it. o Prince Shotoku and the Taika Reforms Feudalism, samurai, warlords Shintoism Heian Period (794 -1185) o Lots of art and fun stuff and a new writing style and a mini-Japanese-Renaissance almost

EARLY & MODERN ERA (1450 -1900) Tokugawa Shogunate (1600 s-1800 s) o Super isolated, minus the Dutch o Manufacturing, merchant class, samurai lose power, urbanization, population growth, yay!, kabuki, woodblock printing Meiji Restoration (1886) o Due to US influence – Japan responds with westernization! Steamships, railroads, technology grow rapidly o Japan starts to imperialize Asian lands **JAPAN BECOMES THE SUPERPOWER OF ASIA IN THE LATER 1800 S BECAUSE THEY WESTERNIZED**

LATE MODERN ERA (1900 -present) Oh, you know, Empire of the Rising Sun WWI and WWII and the atomic bomb Then we made them a parliamentary democracy and then they took over the world technologically

WAIT BUT WHAT ABOUT KOREA AND VIETNAM AND SE ASIA? Well, I like those things and care about them, but the AP test sure doesn’t

KOREA & VIETNAM Heavily influenced by China always – and they’re not super happy about it o Lots of rebellions against the tribute requirement Here’s a video about that And then the whole Cold War and communism thing – in both of those areas (limited war)

RUSSIA Are we done yet?

FOUNDATIONS – POSTCLASSICAL (8000 BCE – 1450) Russia is not Russia yet. It’s cold. People went across the Bering Strait (which used to be a land bridge) and settled North America. Some small tribes happen (Kievan Rus), Mongols are around and controlling things for a while, Russia has feudalism, it becomes Christian because of the Byzantine Empire.

EARLY MODERN ERA (1450 -1750) Ivan III, Ivan IV, PETER THE GREAT o Expands Russia! St. Petersburg! Westernizes Russia (MINUS THE WHOLE TSAR THING – NO WESTERNIZED GOVERNMENT)! Navy! Western fashions! No more beards! Romanovs!

MODERN ERA (1750 -1900) Catherine the Great (1762 -1796) o ‘Enlightened despot’, minus the whole government thing o Decembrist Revolt o Zemstoves – local rulers o Improved industry, but doesn’t industrialize like the rest of the world o Crimean War – recognized weaknesses, began to modernize

LATE MODERN ERA (1900 -present) Tsar Nicholas II, Rasputin, WWI, Romanov dynasty ends Enter: Lenin! Marxism-Leninsim! o Russia in 1922 becomes the Soviet Union! (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, aka USSR) Rise of Stalin, rise of millions of deaths o Gulags, y’all WWII, Cold War o Arms race, space race, Gorbachev o questions?

THE MIDDLE EAST It’s technically Asia, you guys. Southwest Asia.

FOUNDATIONAL ERA (8000 BCE-600 CE)

FOUNDATIONAL ERA (8000 BCE-600 CE) Egypt River Valley Civ Persia Alexander the Great and his empire The Roman Empire On the Arabian peninsula: Bedouins, tribal people, trading, economy based on agriculture, remnants of River Valley Civs, being all happy, hanging out, then BAM MUHAMMAD

POSTCLASSICAL ERA (600 -1450) *ISLAM CHANGED EVERYTHING* Sunni-Shi’ite split o Due to…? UMAYYAD CALIPHATE (661 -750) o Closed off to foreigners; non-Arabs couldn’t be Muslims o Spent a ton of money and it was bad ABBASID CALIPHATE (758 -1258) o Awesome! Golden Age of Islam! Everyone happy! Inventions! Geometric designs! Mosques! Pointed arches and domes! o Expanding a whole lot – to Spain (defeated at Battle of Tours) peacefully to Northern Africa and not peacefully to India, and eventually to the Byzantine… starting the Crusades.

EARLY & MODERN ERA (1450 -1900) Gunpowder Empires Ottomans, Safavid, and Mughal o Ottomans emerge the victorious winners out of all of those – but then become the ‘sick man of Europe’ and fall after WWI

LATE MODERN ERA (1900 -present) DECOLONIZATION AND REVOLUTIONS o So much of it. o Iranian Revolution o Iranian Coup o Iran-Iraq War o Soviets and Afghanistan o Partition of Palestine (creation of Israel) o Ataturk and nationalism o Nasser and the Suez Canal o Conflict. Oil. Islam.

THINGS YOU CAN ASSUME ABOUT THE MIDDLE EAST CONTINUITIES o ISLAM AFTER 600 CE o Huge centers of trade – and involved in all three trade o o o routes – Trans-Saharan, Silk Road, AND Indian Ocean trade Arabic and Islamic culture spread through trade Extensive and elaborate bureaucracies Patriarchy Really artistic – geometric styles and architecture After 1900 s, tons of conflict

REAL QUICK: POLYNESIA AND MALAYSIA They were influenced heavily by Islamic traders in the Indian Ocean. They also developed agriculture independently. They also developed a lot of naval technology.