Asexual Reproduction reproduction by MITOSIS n only one

Asexual Reproduction reproduction by MITOSIS n only one parent n offspring is genetically identical to parent organism n rapid and results in the production of large numbers of offspring n

Binary Fission Bacteria, some protists (ameba, paramecium, algae) n Parent organism divides into 2 equal parts n

Budding n n n parent organism divides into two UNEQUAL parts The buds may break off and live independently Some buds may remain attached to the parent and form a colony

Budding hydra

Spore formation (sporulation) Spores are single, specialized cells produced by mitosis n When spores are released from the parent organism, the spores germinate and grow to form new individuals n Spore germination requires an environment that is warm, has nutrients and moisture n

Sporulation in Bread Mold

Regeneration The ability of an organism to regrow lost body parts n Regeneration decreases as an animal becomes more complex n

Starfish Regeneration n Each part of a starfish can regenerate into a complete organism if each part contains a piece of the central disk.

Planaria Regeneration n Planaria are flatworms that can regenerate lost body parts because they have undifferentiated tissue

n http: //www. mtholyoke. edu/courses/rfink/ Videopages/video 3. htm

Vegetative Propagation A type of regeneration that occurs in plants n Complete new plants develop from a part of the parent plant (root, stem, leaf) n

1. Bulbs Enlarged underground stem surrounded by leaves and contains stored food n New bulbs form by the base of the leaf n

Garlic bulbs

Onion bulbs

2. Tuber Enlarged underground stem with stored food n Buds (“eyes”) can develop into new plants n

3. Runners Stems that grow along the ground n New roots form where the stem meets the ground and develop into a new plant n

4. Rhizomes n Stem that grows sideways underground or underwater

Water Lily

1. Cuttings n Any part of the plant (stem, leaf, root) is used to produce a new individual

2. Grafting n A stem is removed from one plant and joined permanently to another plant Stock: provides the root system n Scion: added piece n

Advantages Plants that grow from seeds do not always show the same characteristics n Faster n Higher yields of fruits n