Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Fission Budding Fragmentation Regeneration

Asexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Fission Budding Fragmentation & Regeneration

Chromatin to Chromosomes

Chromatin to Chromosomes

Cell Cycle

Interphase G 1 = Growth S = DNA Replication G 2 = Growth Centrioles with asters

Prophase Chromatin to chromosomes Nucleus and Nucleolus disappear Chromosomes Two chromatids with centromere Kinetochore Spindle apparatus

Metaphase Centrosomes at opposite poles Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

Anaphase Chromosomes pulled apart – become daughter chromosomes

Telophase and Cytokinesis Reverse of Prophase Cytokinesis Animal cells • Cleavage Furrow Plant cells • Cell Plate

Mitosis Control

Cancer Transformation Tumor Benign Malignant Metastasis

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Parthenogenesis

Hermaphrodites

Sequential Hermaphrodites

Human Life Cycle Haploid Gametes Diploid

Meiosis Overview

Meiosis Prophase I Homologous chromosomes form tetrads Crossing Over occurs

Meiosis Metaphase I Tetrads line up on metaphase plate Independent Assortment

Meiosis Anaphase I Tetrads pulled apart

Meiosis Telophase I Two cells that are haploid • Plant Cells – Cell Plate • Animal cells – Cleavage furrow

Meiosis II Prophase II – Telophase II just like mitosis End with four cells that are haploid

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Crossing Over

Independent Assortment

Sexual Sources of Variation Crossing Over Independent Assortment Random Fertilization Mutations