ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF

ASEXUAL AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PRODUCTION OF ONE OFFSPRING(CELL) FROM 1 PARENT(CELL) • NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIALNO RECOMBINATION OF DNA(RNA) • ALL OFFSPRING ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO PARENT(CELL), ASSUMING NO MUTATIONS ALL OFFSPRING ARE CLONES

POSITIVES • NO NEED TO USE ENERGY TO FIND A MATE • TAKES LESS TIME • RELIABLE, FEWER STEPS • ALL ORGANISMS RETAIN ALL QUALITIES • BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVAL, EFFICIENT USE OF AVALIBLE RESOURSES NEGATIVES • IF MUTATION OCCURS EFFECTS ALL FUTURE ORGANISMS • NO DIVERSITY, WHAT EFFECTS ONE EFFECTS ALL

PROKARYOTES Process of BINARY FISSION- “one cell into two”

EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR • Most protists and fungi like yeast. • PROCESS OF MITOSIS: division of nucleus then CYTOKENESIS: division of cell

EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS REGENERATION: REPLACEMENT OF ALL OR PART OF AN ORGANISM BUDDING: GROWTH OF NEW ORGANISM OFF OF ANOTHER https: //youtu. be/d 5 -h. Pkc. QDr. U

PARTHENOGENESIS • PRODUCING AN OFFSPRING BY FEMALES WITHOUT FERTILIZATION FROM A MALE • ALL OFFSPRING ARE FEMALE • OCCURS NATURALLY IN SPECIES OF WORMS, INSECTS AND REPTILES

• https: //youtu. be/sd 5 HV 1 LNbc. Y

EUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULAR PLANTS VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: PRODUCING A NEW PLANT FROM AN EXISTING PLANT OR PART OF A PLANT GRAFTS RR RUNNERS BUDDING CUTTINGS

• https: //youtu. be/Jjw. Duy. Ik. G 2 M

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • PRODUCTION OF AN OFFSPRING THROUGH FORMATION OF GAMETES(SEX CELLS) BY MEIOSIS • INVOLVES THE UNION OF GAMETES AND RECOMBINING OF DNA FROM TWO PARENTS • RESULTS IN GENETICALLY UNIQUE OFFSPRING

5 POSITIVES NEGATIVES • EACH OFFSPRING UNIQUE • FIND A MATE • ALLOWS FOR MORE VARIATION W/IN SPECIES • TAKES MORE TIME TO DEVELOP OFFSPRING • IF MUTATIONS OCCUR LESS LIKELY TO AFFECT ORGANISM NEGATIVELY • FEWER OFFSPRING

EXAMPLES CONJUGATION Temporary union of two single cells with at least one of them receiving genetic material from the other. SIMPLEST FORM OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Protista: paramecia Fungi: molds

(+) OR (-) GAMETES IN FUNGI, LIKE MUSHROOMS, GAMETES ARE IDENTIFIED AS PLUS(+) OR MINUS(-) WHEN MALE/FEMALE CANNOT BE IDENTIFIED.

DISTINCTION OF SEXES GAMETES ARE IDENTIFIED AS DISTICTLY MALE OR FEMALE (Due to presence of separate sex chromosome, X/Y) HERMAPHRODITIC ORGANISMS MALE/FEMALE GAMETES PRODUCED WITHIN SAME ORGANISM FLOWER PINE EARTHWORMS

DIFFERENTIATION OF SEXES GAMETES ARE PRODUCED IN SEPARATE ORGANISMS Most advanced form of sexual reproduction MALE SPERMATOZOA FEMALE OVA