ASEAN Past and Present Establishment of ASEAN 8
ASEAN: Past and Present
Establishment of ASEAN – 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand – the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) – Founding Fathers of ASEAN: 5 Foreign Ministers - Narciso R. Ramos (Philippines), Adam Malik (Indonesia), Thanat Khoman (Thailand) , Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia) and S. Rajaratnam (Singapore). 2
The ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) , 8 August 1967 • CONSIDERING that the countries of Southeast Asia share a primary responsibility for strengthening the economic and social stability of the region and ensuring their peaceful and progressive national development, and that they are determined to ensure their stability and security from external interference in any form or manifestation in order to preserve their national identities in accordance with the ideals and aspirations of their peoples;
Aims and purposes of ASEAN (Bangkok Declaration) • To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership. • To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region. • To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields;
ASEAN’s Basic Principles • ASEAN based on three basic principles: respect for state sovereignty, nonintervention, and renunciation of the threat or use of force in resolving disputes. • ASEAN did not base its foundation on formal dispute-resolution mechanisms and hence was not a collective security arrangement. • The founders did not want ASEAN to be mistaken for a military grouping among political allies as some of its unsuccessful predecessors had been.
• Cooperation in the economic, social, cultural, technical , educational and other fields , • Promotion of regional peace and stability: respect for justice and the rule of law and adherence to the principles of the UN Charter. • Representing the collective will of the nations of Southeast Asia: for their peoples and for posterity the blessings of peace, freedom and prosperity ※The motivations for the birth of ASEAN: nation building, the common fear of communism. domino theory If one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. 6
Regional Inter-governmental Organizations NAFTA 21 million sq kms 470 million people GDP: US$ 20. 1 trillion 4. 5 million sq kms (3%) 660 million people (8. 6%) GDP: US$ 2. 3 trillion 7 EU 4. 3 million sq kms 508 million people GDP: US$ 19. 2 trillion
Member states of the European Union
population (10, 000) GDP (US 100 m$) Brunei 41 114 Cambodia 1, 431 177 Indonesia 24, 233 9, 321 Laos 629 117 Malaysia 2, 886 3, 124 Myanmar 4, 834 683 Philippine 9, 485 3, 043 Singapore 518 3, 346 Thailand 6, 952 4, 069 Vietnam 8, 784 2, 235
Urbanization of ASEAN countries
The Context of the birth of ASEAN : 1960 s • Conflict: – Indonesia-Malaysia (Konfrontasi 1962 -66), – Philippines-Malaysia (over Sabah) – Singapore secession from Malaysia(1965) – Mindanao, Southern Thailand 16 • Poverty • Communism – Cold War, arms race, proxy wars – Indochina War: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia – Burma: 1962 -88 (Burma Socialist Programme Party; under Ne Win) ⇒ 8888 uprising , Aung San Suu Kyi: National League for Democracy • Club of dictators: Marcos, Suharto, Thanom, Lee Kwan Yew, Abdul Rahman
Battle of Dien Bien Phu (March-May 1954)
Ho Chi Minh trail 胡志明; 1890 – 1969 President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (2 Sept. 1945 -2 Sept 1969)
ASEAN Way and Unity in Diversity • Diversity – Political systems: Democracies, Dictatorships, Monarchy – Economic development • GDP(2012): Rank 16(Indonesia) to 136(Lao) : 29(T) 35(Ma) 37(S) 43(Ph) 56(V) 72(My) 111(B) 121(C) – Economic systems • Power dynamics: – Traditional most influential member – Indonesia – The shift of power from ‘older 5’ to ‘newer 4’ (CLMV)? • Shift from state-centric to people-oriented? 20
ASEAN Way and Relational view of Identity • The ‘ASEAN Way’, marked by informality, consensus, non-adversarial bargaining, and a preference for non-legalistic and non-binding approaches to problem solving, has been an important source of regional collective identity. • The notion of identity suggests a relational view of a group’s position and role. • The identity of ASEAN depends on how its members define their character and role in regional order in relation to others within and outside the region, and how they develop a ‘we’ feeling.
AEAN-Way: non-interference • ASEAN supports the principle of non-interference; it respects each nation's self-interest. It tries not to infringe upon national interests in the name of the good for the region as a whole. • ASEAN recognizes the diverse ethnicities, cultures, histories, religions, and political systems, and accordingly, it accepts and respects diversified national interests. • ASEAN avoids enforcing a certain value upon such nations to risk a military confrontation. • ASEAN aims to promote states to restrain from intervening in other nations' internal affairs.
AEAN-Way: informality • The meetings are held not regularly but rather in an ad hoc basis. • The member states meet when there is a need to, such as an occurrence of international disputes or urgent incidents. • They arrange their meetings in issue-by-issue coalitions. • There are no completely strict and legal procedures to strain the members and the meetings because ASEAN believes that such laws might restrain national sovereignty.
ASEAN-Way: consensus • “Consensus does not assume that everyone must agree; it assumes at least that no one objects to the proposal. “ • Consensus does not require unanimity but rather leads to finding a common interest that could appeal to the whole. • This concept is related to musyawarah(discussion) and mufukat(consensus), concepts that the Indonesians introduced to Southeast Asian diplomacy. • These terms represent an approach to decisionmaking that emphasizes consensus and consultation.
(Consensus process) • Musyawarah is closely tied with noninterference as well. It endorses a view that "a leader should not act arbitrarily or impose his will, but rather make gentle suggestions of the path a community should follow. • Generally, meetings do not end with tangible and specific results; this does not matter too much because the organization values the conferences as progressive, having approached nearer to solving a problem. • ASEAN seeks to postpone and compartmentalize sensitive or disputable issues so that they can focus more on the issues that states can share and agree on.
Sukarno in 1955 (Bandung) • Let this Asian-African Conference be a great success! Make the "Live and Let Live" principle and the "Unity in Diversity" motto the unifying force which brings us all together to seek in friendly, uninhibited discussion, ways and means by which each of us can live his own life, and let others live their own lives, in their own way, in harmony, and in peace. 26
Sukarno in 1961 (Belgrade) • We learned that when external forces sought to bear pressure on us in our ideological conflict, turmoil and turbulence turned into hostility, violence and war. But when left to our own devices, turmoil and turbulence led to synthesis and new advance. Many of the new, emergent countries are now engaged in a similar process. Let alone, they will reach their synthesis. (Synthese) 27
“ASEAN-way” and Western-way in international politics • “ASEAN way”: diplomacy or code of conduct in intra-ASEAN relations • Western, American style of diplomacy: formalistic, legalistic procedures and solutions • ASEAN way stresses patience, evolution, informality, pragmatism, and consensus. non-binding approaches to diplomacy: consensus, flexibility, and accommodation behind-the-scenes negotiations 28
International politics in the West • International politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. Whatever the ultimate aims of international politics, power is always the immediate aim. • Domestic and international politics are but two different manifestations of the same phenomenon: the struggle for power. (Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, New York, 1948) 29
Western system of international politics • the survival of the fittest; the law of jungle, the strong prey upon the weak; • Might makes Right. Asian (ASEAN) system of international politics • association, live together [in symbiosis] • symbiotic relationship: mutualism ⇔interdependence, interrelationship, co-existence
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (1954) (1)Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. (2)Mutual non-aggression. (3)Mutual non-interference in each 1889 -1964 1898 other's internal affairs. 1976 (4)Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit. (5)Peaceful Co-existence "Agreement on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India“. (April 1954)
Mutual Respect in International Relations • Mutual respect is vital for creating the conditions conducive to a deliberative exchange of ideas over the solution to a shared problem. • Mutual respect is a precondition rather than a consequence of stronger forms of collective identities associated with reciprocal altruism. • Mutual respect should also make partners less concerned about the status effects which might result from a particular distribution of benefits. • If mutual respect includes mutual acceptance of each others’ status, cooperative partners can more often focus on the material gains for their own sake, i. e. , on absolute gains.
ASEAN Identity and Its Limitations
ASEAN Identity : Evolution and Limitations • The regional identity of Southeast Asia is not a given, and is not preordained. Nor is it based merely on the facts of geography, or shared historical, political, and cultural features and experiences. These are important but not sufficient conditions for regional identity. • Southeast Asia’s identity is socially and political constructed, through interactions amongst its governments and societies. • ASEAN identity is subject to challenge and change due to changing political, strategic, and economic currents in the region and beyond.
[ASEAN Identity] • Southeast Asia’s regional identity anchors ASEAN’s institutional identity. • ASEAN identity is more recent, more artificial, and more dependent on political and strategic forces than Southeast Asia’s. • Identity is a function of two main factors, which are mainly subjective. One is how an actor sees itself. The second is how others or outsiders see that actor.
Sources of ASEAN Identity • Southeast Asia displays a remarkable degree of political, cultural, and economic diversity. • Being located at the crossroads between China and India, and straddling the major sea lanes linking the Pacific and Indian Oceans, Southeast Asia is exposed to a constant stream of external influences. • In Southeast Asia, the growth of a long-term and relatively robust form of regionalism (ASEAN) has created a sense of regional identity alongside the national identities. National and regional identities co -exist and complement each other.
[Anti-Colonialism and Identity] • In the pre-colonial history of Southeast Asia, there is no equivalent of the nationalisms that Europe, the birthplace of nationalism, experienced amongst its states. • On the contrary, Southeast Asian nationalisms were the product of anticolonial struggles, and hence directed against a shared external threat. • Anti-colonial sentiments were a powerful basis not only behind Southeast Asian nationalism, but also regionalism. Nationalism and regionalism were more complimentary than competitive.
• Despite subject to both external colonialism and the intraregional imperialism, there is nothing comparable here to the type of identity conflicts or ‘history controversies’ that are so salient in Northeast Asia or in South Asia. • Cultural norms, such as communitarianism, patron–client mind-sets, are important in the sense that they tend to produce a tendency towards state-led capitalism. (⇒developmental dictatorship)
The Changing Great Power Politics and ASEAN
The changing great power politics in Asia • Of particular concern is the growing military assertiveness of China in ASEAN’s backyard, the South China Sea, and the US “rebalancing” or “pivot” strategy. Added to this picture are Japan’s moves to amend its constitution to allow more room forward military operations, and India’s growing military presence in the Indian Ocean extending to East Asian waters and its assertive diplomacy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
ASEAN and Great Power Rivalry in Asia [The United States] • After taking office in 2009, Obama shifted U. S. foreign policy focus away from the Middle East to Asia. • He planned the Asia pivot or rebalance policy. The pivot was designed to demonstrate a shift of U. S. foreign policy efforts to the Asia-Pacific region. • Just as the United States played a central role in shaping that architecture across the Atlantic, we are now doing the same across the Pacific. The 21 st century will be America’s Pacific century. (Hillary Clinton, Secretary of State, Nov. 10, 2011)
[Japan] • Japan has long held a strong interest in Southeast Asia as a key economic hinterland. • Japan’s competitive relationship with China is the key driver behind Japan’s enhancing strategic and economic engagement with Southeast Asia. • Until a decade ago, Japan was the engine of regional economic growth and integration. • The country’s recession and its slow economic growth rates have turned the country into the ‘sick man of Asia, ’ being unable to promote and implement economic integration initiatives in the region.
PM. ABE (JAN. 18, 2013, JAKARTA) Toward a Stronger Japan (Expectation to ASEAN) • Japan bears a responsibility to the world and faces numerous challenges to address. But in the face of our stagnating economy, we cannot achieve everything that we desire to. • The most important task for me is to put the economy of Japan once more on a robust growth track. • To bind ourselves to a growing ASEAN and to open ourselves up to all the world's oceans are no longer things that Japan choose to do. They are rather necessities--tasks that we absolutely must perform.
[China] • China is now Southeast Asia’s largest export destination, source of imports and tourism and a growing source of FDI and arms. • China’s relations with ASEAN are increasingly being shaped by China’s wider global interests. China is committed to the transition from a UScentric global order to a more multipolar, “democratic” one. • In line with this global goal, China has increased its engagement with ASEAN and its support for ASEAN-led efforts like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and the ASEAN+3 process that exclude the United States.
History and Political Map of Southeast Asia
Map of Eurasia and Africa showing trade networks, c. 870
Monsoon Current and the Indian Ocean
Zheng He (鄭和; 1371– 1433 or 1435) Stamp from Indonesia commemorating Zheng He's voyages to secure the maritime routes, usher urbanization and assist in creating a common prosperity throughout continents and cultures.
Beginning of Western Colonialism
The Changing Nature of World Power Author(s): Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 2, (Summer, 1990), pp. 177 -192.
History of Myanmar
Southeast Asia in c. 1300 c. 1400 c. 1540
Rattanakosin period (1782–present) Territorial losses of Sham in the late 19 century and early of 20 century
History of Indonesia Majapahit Empire (1293 -1478) Kingdom of Srivijaya (650 -1377)
The Sultanate of Ache (1496 -1903) The Malay sultanate of Malacca (1402 -1511) Mataram Sultanate (1587 -1755)
Map of the Dutch East Indies showing its territorial expansion from 1800 to its fullest extent prior to Japanese occupation in 1942. Japanese advance through Indonesia, 1942 Indonesian flag raising shortly after the declaration of independence. (1945. 8. 17)
Ethnic Composition of Southeast Countries An ethnolinguistic map of Burma (note: Rohingya populations of Northern Rakhine, around Sittwe, are not acknowledged on this map).
• Nay Pyi Taw does not recognize the Rohingya people as one of the country's 135 official ethnic groups, and says they are Bangladeshi citizens. Following the Aug 25 attacks on security outposts in Rakhine, . . .
Phu Thai
Minangkabau • Madura Betawi
Bumiputera (son of the soil) policy (1971 -90) • In the 1970 s, the Malaysian government implemented policies designed to favour bumiputras to defuse interethnic tensions following the extended violence against Malaysian Chinese in the 13 May Incident in 1969. (DPA+12) • The country suffered from a sharp division of wealth between the Chinese who dominated most urban areas and were perceived to be in control of a large portion of the country's economy, and the Malays, who were generally poorer and more rural. The special privileged position of Malay political power is guaranteed under the Constitution
ASEAN: Stages of Development • First 10 years (1967 -1976): establishment, solidarity, dialogue partners • The next 20 years: (1977 -1997): expansion - Brunei (1984); Vietnam (1995); Lao PDR and Myanmar (1997); and Cambodia (1999) • The next 10 years: (1998 -2007): vision formalization • The next 7 years: (2008 -2015): community building 67
ASEAN Charter (15 Dec 2008, Jakarta) • Enhance peace, security stability • Political, security, economic, socio-cultural cooperation • Preserve as nuclear weapons free zone • Peace with the world, harmonious environment • Single market and production base • Alleviate poverty, narrow development gap • Strengthen democracy, protect and promote human rights • Promote sustainable development 68
ASEAN and regional frameworks EAEC, APEC, +CJK • In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus comprising then members of ASEAN as well as CJK(China, Japan, Korea ⇒ counterbalancing the growing influence of the U. S. in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ⇒opposition from the U. S. and Japan ASEAN Plus Three was created in 1997⇒EAS
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ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum) ASEAN 10+3+3+2+Canada, DPR Korea, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka+ EU (1994) Confidence building, Preventive diplomacy, Conflict resolution
Criticism of “ASEAN Way” • Due to the consensus-based approach every member has a veto, so contentious issues must remain unresolved until agreements can be reached. • ASEAN wasn’t a rule making body subjecting its members to the discipline of adhering its laws and regulations. It was operated through consensus and informality. The member states avoided to confront certain issues if they were to result in conflicts.
ASEAN Community POLITICAL – SECURITY ECONOMIC Blueprint • Rules based, shared norms and values • Cohesive, peaceful, stable, resilient with shared responsibility • Dynamic and Outward looking • Single Market and production base • Competitive economic region • Equitable Economic development • Integration into global economy SOCIOCULTURAL Blueprint • Human Development • Social Welfare and Protection • Social justice and rights • Environmental Sustainability • ASEAN Identity ASEAN Charter - One Vision, One Identity, One Caring and Sharing Community 73
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