ASASTN 2 Controllers situational awareness issues DEEP BLUE

ASAS-TN 2 Controllers situational awareness issues DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 1

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Introduction The human factors issues discussed in the presentation comes from the results of the Real Time Simulation 3 of the MFF project DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 2

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Summary Situation awareness q Controllers ASAS tools q ASAS Procedures DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 3

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: description ASAS procedures Controllers ASAS tools q Description q What can be improved DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 4

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: description ASAS procedures AZA 354 320 A 5432 12/10 DHL 456 AZA 354 320 12/10 DHL 456 320 Potential ASAS HMI (instruction still to be issued to the aircraft) Shorten verbal communication between EXC and PLC Allows a rapid and immediate visual representation of the possible ASAS sequence DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Confirmed ASAS HMI (unselected state) Current spacing (12) and cleared spacing (10) Glasgow 12 September 2006 5

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: description ASAS procedures Confirmed ASAS HMI (selected state of an ASAS pair and visualisation of the ASAS chain) DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 6

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures What can be improved in controllers ASAS tools q Examples taken from the observation q Improvements suggested by controllers during debriefing sessions DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 7

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures Coordination tool From the observation à NW 2 (upper) has to set-up ASAS chains useful for NW 1 (lower) à A lot of effort spent in co-ordination between the PLC of NW 2 and NW 1 for establishing the ASAS sequence to be set-up in NW 2. à High traffic load, the traffic evolved rapidly à Once the PLC came to an agreement, the EXC of NW 2 took his own actions à PLC frustration à NW 2 started transferring the a/c non ASAS linked, so NW 1 could autonomously decide how to link them DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 8

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures Coordination tool Proposal q To coordinate electronically between sectors It was suggested something like a ‘potential ASAS’ that can be confirmed or cancelled DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 9

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation 3 classes of events: UNCERTAINTY - Controllers are not able to predict if the a/c will be able to reach and maintain the spacing. ATTENTION GETTER - When the spacing is lost, controllers are not advised. CLUSTER - Controllers cognitively treat an ASAS pair as a unique item. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 10

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation – Example n. 1 (uncertainty) GRO is a merging point where traffic has to be at FL 190 spaced at 8 NM. However, mainly due to airborne system problems, sometimes the spacing critically reduced. In most cases controllers did not take immediate recovery actions as they were not sure if the traffic was able to reach and maintain the cleared spacing later Controllers: too much attention on “uncertain” ASAS pairs, waiting to see what was happening Controllers: too much uncertainty on whether to cancel the ASAS application or maintain it DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 11

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation – Example n. 1 (uncertainty) In the pictures AZA 611 is delegated to merge over GRO behind AZA 401 and then follow at 8 NM. However the spacing reduces and only when the two aircraft are very close, the controller decides to change the level. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 12

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation – Example n. 2 (attention getter) When the spacing is lost, the HMI does not offer any attention getter to warn controllers. - Confidence on ASAS tools: controllers focussed the attention on non ASAS linked a/c. When the spacing was lost, sometimes controllers were not aware in time. - Low confidence on ASAS tools: controllers were so focused in setting up and monitoring ASAS chains (due to the lack of monitoring aid) that they reduced the attention on other parts of the sector. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 13

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation – Example n. 2 (attention getter) NOV 8426 is delegated to AEF 224 is over BOL. NOV 8426 is at 8 NM instead of 10. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 14

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation – Example n. 3 (cluster) ASAS sequencing and merging procedures allow to link a/c with similar performances, speed, FL, routes, therefore facilitating cognitive cluster processes: cognitive resources use is optimised by grouping in a single cluster the various elements to be considered. “When I have a cluster of a/c I see it as a single a/c. Using clusters is important because they reduce mental load, in fact all the a/c of the cluster behave in the same way. As the use of clusters frees part of my mental load, I can use it for other situations. ASAS facilitates the use of clusters” (G 2 G) Unfortunately the same mechanism can result in the oversight of relevant characteristics of one of the cluster members. Once clustered, items are hard to separate and single members’ peculiarities may be overlooked as they are not common to other cluster members. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 15

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid From the observation – Example n. 3 (cluster) In the picture, EGL 182 (the delegated a/c) was considered at the same FL of the target a/c (AZA 1704), even if it was still climbing to that FL. Once the controller had established the ASAS configuration and cleared the delegated a/c for the target a/c FL, he started considering the two a/c as if they were on the same FL, hence forgetting about the temporary discrepancy between them, thus causing a conflict with ISS 516 DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 16

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools: to improve ASAS procedures ASAS monitoring aid Proposal ASAS monitoring tool with the following functionalities: à Predict ASAS able or unable à Warn if the spacing is lost à Support clustering, advising when an ASAS pair is not stable and cannot be treated as such DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 17

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools ASAS procedures Procedures refinement à The lack of procedures or the presence of not well defined procedures introduce uncertainty à MFF collected many results on procedural aspects, only the more general ones are presented DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 18

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools ASAS procedures When/how to apply ASAS Easy and clear to remember procedures (e. g. the steps to issue an ASAS clearance, the applicability conditions to issue an ASAS application). However it is difficult to concretely understand: à when it is convenient to apply ASAS and à how to efficiently apply ASAS in order to obtain concrete benefits Controllers ask for more specific and concrete procedures on when to apply and how to apply an ASAS application. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 19

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools ASAS procedures Responsibility Controllers do not feel comfortable in being responsible for the separation while delegating the manoeuvre to the crew. Controllers find difficult to trust the crew for an action whose consequences are controllers’ responsibility. In case the responsibility for the separation is maintained by controllers, they need more effective tools that warn them in case the ASAS application does not evolve as expected. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 20

ASAS-TN 2: Controllers situational awareness issues Controllers ASAS tools ASAS procedures Cancel ASAS, retain target Sometimes controllers wanted pilots to cancel ASAS but to retain the target: it is the case when an ASAS linked a/c receives a heading by the controller. The heading can be input by pilots once the ASAS is cancelled. Controllers may know that the ASAS cancellation is a temporary event and that soon they will give an ASAS application with the same target. The use of “cancel ASAS and retain target”, avoids to spend time in target identification and positioning. Introduce the possibility to visualise the instruction ‘Cancel ASAS, retain target’, as a reminder for controllers. DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 21

Thank you! DEEP BLUE CONSULTING AND RESEARCH | CLAUDIA FUSAI Glasgow 12 September 2006 22