ArtScienceKnowledge of Plant Biology Introductory Plant Biology Introduction

Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology Introductory Plant Biology Introduction to the major divisions of plant kingdom, Seed Plants/Flowering Plants: Angiosperms (4) Textbook: Chapter 22, pp. 409 -427 Notes for Botany (B), Chapter 14, pp. 201 -240 Lecture 9 Kris Pruski

Angiosperms Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology Learning objectives: 1. Understand the differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms 2. Diagram the life cycle of a flowering plant, indicating shifts from haploid to diploid cells 3. Compare two types of female gametophytes and learn how a male gametophyte develops 4. Know characteristics of flowers associated with specific types of pollinators 5. Specialization trends in flowering plants. 6. Selected families of flowering plants

Angiosperms • The name angiosperms from Greek: Angion (vessel) and Sperma (seed) • A vessel is a carpel, an inrolled leaf with seeds along its margins , green peas for example • A seed develops from an ovule within a carpel and it is part of an ovary that becomes a fruit. Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology

• Gymnosperms have exposed ovules and seeds • Angiosperms have ovules and seeds in the fruit • All Angiosperms are in phylum Magnoliophyta（被子植物门） • Like Gymnosperms, the angiosperms are heteresporous (produce two kinds of spores) an sporophytes are even more dominant than in gymnosperms. Female gametophytes are enclosed within sporophyte tissue and reduced only to a few cells; male gametophyte consists of germinated pollen with three nuclei.

Angiosperms Life cycle of a typical ANGIOSPERM: • • • Initiation of seed: 1) POLLINATION, 2) FERTILIZATION – double fertilization (transmitting cells, tube nucleus, generative nuclei) Zygote 2 n (embryo) = egg + one sperm nucleus Endosperm 3 n = two polar nuclei + second sperm nucleus Seed (seed maturation, drying) Ripening Dissemination Germination juvenile mature Flower

Angiosperms Development of seeds 心皮

Art/Science/Knowledge of Plant Biology

Angiosperms Development of seeds • Male microsporocyte

Angiosperms Development of seeds • Female mecrasporocyte

Angiosperms Development of seeds Pollination

Angiosperms Development of seeds Double Fertilization

Double AN PN E SP PT Fertilization B N PG PN E PT C OVY OVL A 2 1 PT

• Germinating pollen tube

AN PN E SP PT Double Fertilization B PG PN E PT C OVY OVL A RAF

Double AN PN E SP PT Fertilization B N PG PN E PT 2 1 PT C A OVY PEN OVL ZY D RAF

Angiosperms Development of seeds • • Flower parts vs seed parts Fusion of f/m gametes occurs in the flower Ovary Fruit tissue Ovule Mature seed Embryo sac Inner part of the seed 2 Polar nuclei (f) + 1 sperm nucleus (m) Endosperm 3 n Egg cell(f) + sperm nucleus(m) Embryo 2 n Integuments Testa (seed coat)

Angiosperms Development of seeds

Angiosperms- classification

angiosperms

Angiosperms - classification

Angiosperms - classification Position of the ovary in the flower

Angiosperms - classification • Monoecious （雌雄同株）– when both male and female imperfect flowers occur on the same plant; examples: cucumber, pumpkin

Angiosperms - classification Monoecious （雌雄同株） (corn, squash, watermelon) – Andromonoecious（雄花两性花同株）: complete and incomplete staminate flowers on one plant (muskmelon) – Gynomonoecious（雌花两性花同株）: complete and incomplete pistillate flowers on one plant (cucumber)

Angiosperms - classification • Dioecious （雌雄异株）- when a plant bears only male flowers and other plants of the same species bears only female flowers; example: Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ) 沙棘 male female

Angiosperms – selected families

1. Angiosperms – selected families Dicots: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2. Mustard family (Brassicaceae) Legume family (Fabaceae) Nightshade family (Solanaceae) Carrot family (Apiaceae) Pumpkin family (Cucurbitaceae) Sunflower family (Asteraceae) Rose family (Rosaceae) Monocots: 1. 2. 3. Grass family (Poaceae) Lily family (Liliaceae) Orchid family (Orchidaceae) 茄科伞形科葫芦科菊科

Family Brassicaceae – Mustard Family COLE CROPS 甘蓝类蔬菜十字花科

COLE CROPS - Brassicaceae 十字花科

Brassicaceae • Cole crops, at a basic level, are plants that belong to the mustard (Brassica) family and are all descendants of wild cabbage! cabbage • Agriculturally, a very important family. – Many uses: oil, animal feed, condiments, ornamental, vegetables • Growth habit: annual, biennial and perennial herbs, some woody species primarily upright growth

Brassicaceae Common Name Edible Part Description Broccoli Head Inflorescence Cabbage Head Enlarged terminal bud Brussels Sprout Enlarged axillary bud Kohlrabi Bulb Swollen stem Cauliflower Curd Undifferentiated stem apices (end) Kale Leaf Rutabaga Root Taproot Radish Root Taproot 球芽甘蓝大头菜羽衣甘蓝芜菁甘蓝

Brassicaceae • Brassica oleracea 甘蓝 – B. oleracea var. botrytis Cauliflower – B. oleracea var. gemmifera Brussels Sprouts 球芽甘蓝 – B. oleracea var. italica Broccoli – B. oleracea var. gongylodes Kohlrabi 大头菜 (or var. caulorapa) 羽衣甘蓝 – B. oleracea var. acephala Kale – B. oleracea var. capitata Cabbage

Brassicaceae • Brassica oleracea – B. oleracea var. capitata Cabbage • B. oleracea var. capitata f. alba White • B. oleracea var. capitata f. rubra Red • B. oleracea var. capitata f. sabauda Savoy

Brassicaceae • Other Brassica: – Brassica napobrassica Rutabaga 芜菁甘蓝 • (B. napus - napobrassica group) – B. rapa (rapifera group) Turnip – B. juncea Mustard Greens – B. campestris Chinese Cabbage, Chinese Mustard, Pak Choi

Brassicaceae • Other Brassica: 独行菜 – Lepidium sativum Garden Cress – Rarippa nasturtium-aquaticum Water Cress 豆瓣菜 – Rhaphanus sativus Radish, Chinese, French 小萝卜 – Armoracia rusticana Horseradish 辣根 – Wasabia japonica Wasabi 芥末 • (syn. Eutrema japonica) Horseradish Wasabi Radish

Brassicaceae • Other Brassica: Armoracia rusticana Horseradish

Brassicaceae _ Root Crops • • • 小萝卜 Radish – Raphanus sativus 芜菁 Turnip - Brassica rapa subsp. rapa 芜菁甘蓝 Rutabaga – B. napus subsp. rapifera 辣根 Horseradish – Armoracia rusticana Japanese horseradish – Wasabia japonica 日本辣根

Brassicaceae _ Root Crops • Radish – Raphanus sativus

Family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) BEANS and PEAS

Fabaceae: Beans and Peas • Soybeans, Glycine max L. • North China origin, 5000 years; vegetable type - immature seeds, agronomic type – mature dry seeds 农艺型 • Growing importance in North America • Peas, Pisum sativum L. • The earliest, oldest cultivated crop – Neolithic era (what is today Turkey and Jordan); to America after Columbus • Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. 菜豆 • Date 7000 years ago • Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L. 利马豆 • Central America origin (Peru) 2500 years; important especially in south America

Fabaceae: Beans and Peas Pea: • Pods 豆荚

Fabaceae: Beans and Peas • Botany – Lima bean: • Pisum lannatus • Small seed lima bean - Sieva type • Large seed often called Butterbean or Madagascar bean • A perennial plant or so called log-lived annual • Grown commercially as an annual • Roots develop nodules, Rhizobium 根瘤菌

Beans and Peas culture

Solanaceae • • • 颠茄 Atropa belladonna Capsicum annuum 甜椒辣椒 Capsicum frutescens Lycopersicon esculentum 番茄 (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) 烟草 Nicotiana tabacum Petunia spp. 粘果酸浆 Physalis ixocarpa Solanum dulcamara 欧白英 Solanum melongena 茄子 Solanum tuberosum 马铃薯 • • Deadly nightshade Sweet pepper Hot pepper Tomato • • • Tobacco Petunia Tomatillo Nightshade Eggplant(Aubergine) Potato

Tomato Eggplant Hot pepper Tomato

SOLANACEAE - Potato

Solanaceae – other approaches (pomato)

Apiaceae Carrot (& Parsnip) ▪ Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) ▪ Daucus carota ▪ Pastinaca sativa carrot (root) parsnip (root) 防风草（欧洲萝卜）

Carrot ▪ Other important species: ▪ Apium graveolens celery (petiole) ▪ Petroselinum crispum ▪ Foeniculum vulgare ▪ Coriandrum sativum parsley (leaf-herb) fennel coriander (seed-spice) cilantro (leaf-herb) dill (leaf-herb, seed-spice) ▪ Anethum graveolens 欧芹茴香芫荽子芫荽莳萝

Carrot ▪Commercially, the most important member of Apiaceae is the Carrot ▪Root: ▪colours - white, yellow, orange, purple, deep purple ▪ purple - anthocyanins ▸ orange - carotenoids

Carrot

Apiaceae - Carrots

Cucurbits 瓜类蔬菜 • Mainly annual, (few perennial) • Mainly food (few ornamental, utensils, feed, cosmetic)

Cucurbits • Species • Cucumis sativus - cucumber • C. melo - melon, cantaloupe (muskmelon) • C. anguria – Gherkin (West Indian Gherkin) – (Generally smallest fruit of C. sativus) • Citrullus lanatus - watermelon • Cucurbita spp. : • C. pepo, C. mixta, C. moschata, C. maxima 美洲南瓜墨西哥南瓜中国南瓜印度南瓜西印度香瓜

Cucurbits ▪ Cucurbitacins - bitter taste, more a problem with temperature extremes 葫芦素 ▪ Nonfood: ▪ Cucurbita pepo - ornamental gourds ▪ Luffa cylindrica - sponge gourd, loofah 美洲南瓜丝瓜

SALAD CROPS Family Asteraceae 菊科

Asteraceae 菊科 • Lactuca sativa L. • Lettuce • Cichorium endiva L. • Endive • Cichorium intybus L. • Chicory • Cynara scolymus L. • Globe artichoke • Cynara cardunculus L. • Cardoon 菊苣欧洲菊苣朝鲜蓟刺菜蓟

Asteraceae A very large family of more than 23, 000 species Annual or perennial herbs Many are weeds Many are wild flowers A few are woody Also flowers: aster(紫菀), marigold(万寿菊), calendula(金盏花), daisy(雏菊), chrysanthemum, dahlia, zinnia(鱼尾菊) + medicinal: Echinacea (紫锥菊) and yarrow (西洋蓍草) • Milk-like latex contained in tissues of Asteraceae (dandelion – rubber) • • •

Salad Crops - Asteraceae • Speciality non-lettuce leafy salad crops include: • Arugula - from the mustard family, peanutty flavour, changing to spicy-hot (芝麻菜) • Sorrel - tart cool-weather, common in potato-based soups ( 酸模) • Chicory (菊苣)- several: radicchio, witloof (Belgian endive 比利时菊苣), can be bitter flavoured if too old • Corn salad - delicate nutty flavour 野苣 • Oriental greens: members of the Asteraceae: – Mizuna (水菜), tatsoi (瓢儿菜)

Asteraceae • Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ) • Endive (Cichorium endive L. ) 菊苣欧洲菊苣

Rosaceae – Rose family • Fruits • Ornamentals

MONOCOTS 1. Grass family (Poaceae) - corn 2. Lily family (Liliaceae) - lilies 3. Orchid family (Orchidaceae) orchids

Family Poaceae sweet corn, popcorn, ornamental corn

Poaceae: Zea mays - corn

Family Amaryllidaceae Liliaceae (old name)

Amarillidaceae • A family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous flowering plants included in the monocot order Asparagales （天门冬目）. The family takes its name from the genus Amaryllis（朱顶红）, hence the common name of the amaryllis family • A large family of 79 plant genera and more than 6, 500 species