Artificial Intelligence Chapter 2 Intelligent Agents Michael Scherger

Artificial Intelligence Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents Michael Scherger Department of Computer Science Kent State University January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 1

Agents and Environments January 11, 2006 Agent Sensors Percepts Environment • An Agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators ? Actuators AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents Actions 2

Agents and Environments • Percept – the agent’s perceptual inputs – percept sequence is a sequence of everything the agent has ever perceived • Agent Function – describes the agent’s behavior – Maps any given percept sequence to an action – f : P* -> A • Agent Program – an implementation of an agent function for an artificial agent January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 3

Agents and Environments • Example: Vacuum Cleaner World – Two locations: squares A and B – Perceives what square it is in – Perceives if there is dirt in the current square – Actions • • A B move left move right suck up the dirt do nothing January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 4

Agents and Environments • Agent Function: Vacuum Cleaner World – If the current square is dirty, then suck, otherwise move to the other square January 11, 2006 Percept Sequence Action [A, Clean] Right [A, Dirty] Suck [B, Clean] Left [B, Dirty] Suck [A, Clean], [A, Clean] Right [A, Clean], [A, Dirty] Suck AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 5

Agents and Environments • But what is the right way to fill out the table? – is the agent • good or bad • intelligent or stupid – can it be implemented in a small program? Function Reflex-Vacuum-Agent([location, status]) return an action if status == Dirty then return Suck else if location = A then return Right else if location = B then return Left January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 6

Good Behavior and Rationality • Rational Agent – an agent that does the “right” thing – Every entry in the table for the agent function is filled out correctly – Doing the right thing is better than doing the wrong thing • What does it mean to do the right thing? January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 7

Good Behavior and Rationality • Performance Measure – A scoring function for evaluating the environment space • Rational Agent – for each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence and what ever built-in knowledge the agent has. January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 8

Good Behavior and Rationality • Rational != omniscient • Rational != clairvoyant • Rational != successful • Rational -> exploration, learning, autonomy January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 9

The Nature of Environments • Task environments – The “problems” to which a rational agent is the “solution” • PEAS – Performance – Environment – Actuators – Sensors January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 10

The Nature of Environments • Properties of task environments – – – Fully Observable vs. Partially Observable Deterministic vs. Stochastic Episodic vs. Sequential Static vs. Dynamic Discrete vs. Continuous Single agent vs. Multi-agent • The real world is partially observable, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, multi-agent January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 11

The Nature of Environments • Examples – Solitaire – Backgammon – Automated Taxi – Mars Rover January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 12

The Structure of Agents • Agent = Architecture + Program • Basic algorithm for a rational agent – While (true) do • • Get percept from sensors into memory Determine best action based on memory Record action in memory Perform action • Most AI programs are a variation of this theme January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 13

The Structure of Agents • Table Driven Agent function Table-Driven-Agent (percept) return action static: percepts, a sequence, initially empty table, a table of actions, indexed by percept sequences, initially fully specified append percept to the end of the table action <- LOOKUP( percept, table ) return action January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 14

The Structure of Agents Simple Reflex Agent What the world is like now Sensors Percepts Environment Condition-Action Rules January 11, 2006 What action I should do now Actuators AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents Actions 15

The Structure of Agents • Simple Reflex Agent function Simple-Reflex-Agent (percept) return action static: rules, a set of condition-action rules state <- INTERPRET-INPUT( percept ) rule <- RULE-MATCH( state, rules ) action <- RULE-ACTION[ rule ] return action January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 16

The Structure of Agents Reflex Agent With State What the world is like now Sensors Percepts Environment How the world evolves What my actions do Condition-Action Rules January 11, 2006 What action I should do now Actuators AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents Actions 17

The Structure of Agents • Reflex Agent With State function Reflex-Agent-With-State (percept) return action static: state, a description of the current world state rules, a set of condition-action rules action, the most recent action, initially none state <- UPDATE-STATE( state, action, percept ) rule <- RULE-MATCH( state, rules ) action <- RULE-ACTION[ rule ] return action January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 18

The Structure of Agents Goal Based Agent State What the world is like now Sensors Percepts Environment How the world evolves What my actions do Goals January 11, 2006 What it will be like if I do action A What action I should do now Actuators AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents Actions 19

The Structure of Agents Utility Based Agent State What my actions do Utility Percepts What it will be like if I do action A How happy I will be in such a state What action I should do now January 11, 2006 Sensors Environment How the world evolves What the world is like now Actuators AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents Actions 20

The Structure of Agents Learning Based Agent Critic (external performance standard) Sensors Percepts Environment feedback changes Learning Element learning goals knowledge Performance Element Actuators Actions Problem Generator January 11, 2006 AI: Chapter 2: Intelligent Agents 21