ARTIFICIAL HEARTS Erik Simpanen September 27 th 2011

ARTIFICIAL HEARTS Erik Simpanen September 27 th , 2011 BME 281

Heart Disease A generic term for referring to numerous different forms of sicknesses that effect the heart Causes more than one million deaths a year (4) Transplants were originally thought the only solution A heart replacement has been a scientology goal on everybody’s mind for some time.

¡First: Transplants were originally thought to be the only answer ¡ Then: Pumps were only meant to replace the heart for a small period of time before a donor heart was found ¡Now: Implant an artificial heart into patients for extended periods of time before a donor is found ¡Goal: To eventually engineer a heart that can be permanently left inside the body Then and Now:

History: ¡ The first successful heart-lung machine ¡ Dr. John Gibbon during an open heart surgery in 1953, ¡ The first artificial heart ¡ First developed by a team of physicians, engineers and students who improved on an original design by Dr. Kolff, ¡ This artificial heart, called the Jarvik-7, was named after one of the project managers, Robert Jarvik. ¡ First put into a human in 1982 ¡ Survived 112 days connected to the 400 pound machine attached to the heart.

Disadvantages: ¡Many disadvantages to the first continuous blood flow pumps including: ¡Damage to the blood cells because of the stress the pump was putting on the blood ¡Energy required to keep pumping. (2)

Versions of Artificial Hearts: ¡Jarvik-7 ¡One of the first designs with the two ventricles attached to anatomical connections (5) ¡Rotary Artificial Heart (1) ¡a miniaturized rotary artificial heart that was implanted into the natural heart

Types Continued: ¡ Vibrating Flow Pump ¡ Thought to be less destructive to the blood cells ¡ Cardio. West TAH-t (or temporary total artificial heart) ¡ approved by the FDA in 2004 ¡ more than 888 patients have been treated with this artificial heart ¡ Much smaller than previous models ¡ 160 grams and 400 ml ¡ able to increase and decrease beats per minute based on the activities the patient is performing at the time (6)

Artificial Heart Design Two round ventricles Anatomical connections to the major blood vessels and the atria Hard outer housing to protect the interior, which contains a number of different diaphragms. 1 holds the blood 2 intermediate diaphragms 1 air diaphragm. Air is pumped through the diaphragms to create the blood flow Made of polyurethane

Drivers: Tubes leading out of the heart made from polyurethane a source of compressed air, a vacuum, and electricity that Velour skin buttons powers and controls the artificial heart internal tubes connected to the heart driver system. plugged in or powered by rechargeable batteries frequency and pressure is different in each ventricle

Artificial Heart Drivers: (Cont. ) a primary pneumatic driver a backup pneumatic driver an alarm and computer system for controlling the artificial heart batteries air tanks anatomical connection to the artificial heart inside the body.

Portability Drastic change in the size of the drivers Before: more than 400 pounds patients not allowed to leave Nowadays: Portable Leave the hospital Originally developed in Europe

Most Recently: 2001 Abio. Core powered by a hydraulic pump a wireless charging system and an external battery pack all worn in a belt around the waist.

Complications Originally, many complications Now, Strokes 10% of patients received a stroke during the surgery Only 2% of patients suffered a stroke during device support

Questions…

Citations: 1. ) Inventor: Robert Jarvik, Artificial Hearts With Permanent Magnet Bearings, U. S. Patent, 1996 2. ) Don B. Olsen, The History of Continuous-Blood Flow Pumps, Artificial Organs, Volume 24, Issue 6, pp. 401 3. ) Joyce, Response of the Human Body to the First Permanent Implant of the Jarvik-7 Total Artificial Heart, Transactions-American Society for Artificial Internal Organs, Volume 29, pp. 81, 1983 4. ) Devries, Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart, The New England Journal of Medicine, (Articial) 1984 5. ) Wang, Component Engineering for an Implantable System, Artificial Organs, Volume 28, pp. 869 -873, 2004 6. ) Copeland, Out-Of-Hospital Total Artificial Heart Patients, Texas Heart Institute Journal, Volume 37, pp. 654 -655, December, 15 2010

Citations: De. Vries, The New England Journal of Medicine, “Clinical Use of the Total Artificial Heart”, February 2, 1984, (http: //www. nejm. org/doi/pdf/10. 1056/NEJM 198402023100501) De. Vries, The Permenant Artificial Heart, The Journal of American Medical Association, 2000 (http: //jama. amaassn. org/content/259/6/849. short) El-Banayosy, “Cardio. West Total Artificial Heart”, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, July 21, 2005 (http: //www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=Article. URL&_udi=B 6 T 114 GP 19 JK 17&_user=657938&_cover. Date=08%2 F 31%2 F 2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high &_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_s earch. Str. Id=1726932657&_rerun. Origin=scholar. google&_acct=C 0000356 79&_version=1&_url. Version=0&_userid=657938&md 5=45 c 46 c 94 c 67 cec af 539 efe 125365 b 55 f&searchtype=a) Copeland, The New England Journal of Medicine, “Cardiac Replacement…”, Volume 351, No. 9, August 26 th, 2004 (http: //www. nejm. org/doi/pdf/10. 1056/NEJMoa 040186) Noman, Artificial Heart, January 4, 2011