ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY MidAtlantic Region Alexander Quercetti Mechanical

ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY Mid-Atlantic Region Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado

PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Breadth: Architectural Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions ARMY ADMINISTRATION FACILITY Mid-Atlantic Region Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Advisor: Dr. Stephen Treado

Introduction PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Occupant | U. S. Army Legal Service Agency Location | Undisclosed Size| 97, 000 SF Total Project Cost| $30 Million Dates of Construction| Sept 2010 – Sept 2011 Project Delivery Method| Design-Build Sustainability| LEED Silver Certified Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Existing Conditions Airside System PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Airside Waterside Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option • Penthouse on 4 th floor • 24, 000 CFM Dedicated Outdoor Air Unit DOAU Penthouse • 150 Fan Powered Induction Units each serving 3 spaces Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Existing Conditions Waterside System PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Airside Waterside Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option • 315 ton Evaporative Condensing Chiller serves 55 F CHW to DOAU and FPIU cooling coils • (2) 1500 MBH Gas-Fired Boilers serve 180 F HHW to DOAU and FPIU heating coils • Domestic hot water served by solar hot water heater Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Ground-Source Heat Pump PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Objectives: • Install a vertical loop ground-source heat pump system to replace the chiller and boilers. • Reduce utility costs Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Ground-Source Heat Pump PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option * Identifying correct soil characteristics is integral to proper system design. Grout is used between U-tube and ground to seal from air gaps and surface water penetration. Water Geological Survey Dry Density Conductivity lb/ft 3 Btu/h-ft-F Diffusivity ft 2/day Ground Type Soil Heavy Clay 5% Water 120 0. 6 to 0. 8 0. 5 to 0. 65 Soil Light Sand 5% Water 80 0. 5 to 1. 1 0. 6 to 1. 3 Rock Sandstone - 1. 2 to 2. 0 0. 7 to 1. 2 Grout 15% Bentonite/85% Si. O 2 Sand - 1. 0 to 1. 1 - Thermal resistanceground= 1. 0 h-ft-°F/Btu 55 °F ground temperature Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Ground-Source Heat Pump PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option System Layout Vertical • 150 to 600 ft. deep. • Perpendicular to ground • More expensive to install • More efficient heat exchange= less piping Horizontal • 6 ft. deep typ. • Parallel to ground • Cheaper to install • Requires much longer piping Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Ground-Source Heat Pump System Layout PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Vertical Loop 500 bores, each 500 ft. deep 20 ft. separation 251, 700 ft. bore length 31 16 Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Ground-Source Heat Pump System Layout PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Vertical Loop Pump Manufacturer Flow [gpm] GSWP-1 Bell&Gossett 876 113 73% 22 GSWP-2 Bell&Gossett 876 113 73% 22 Heat Pump Head [ft. w. c. ] Pump Efficiency Motor Size [hp] Manufacturer Airflow [cfm] Sensible MBH Flow [gpm] HP-1 Mc. Quay 800 15 3. 0 HP-2 Mc. Quay 1, 200 19 3. 9 Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Ground-Source Heat Pump PRESENTATION OUTLINE Cost Analysis Cost Per Year Initial Investment Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Geological Survey System Layout Cost Analysis Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions COST Geothermal System Existing System Electric $120, 231 $109, 109 System MAT. INST. TOTAL Geothermal $483, 233. 64 $185, 031. 32 $653, 372. 96 Gas $0 $5, 580 Existing $379, 180. 00 $233, 024. 00 $612, 204. 00 Total $120, 231 $114, 689 Difference $41, 168. 96 Difference $5, 542 / yr = $0. 064 / S. F. Energy Consumption Electrical Consumption k. Wh Total Difference Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Utility Costs Geothermal System Existing System 1, 506, 655 1, 367, 278 139, 377 Emissions Total Pollutants lbs/yr Gas Consumption k. Btu Total Savings Geothermal System Existing System Pollutant Geothermal System Existing System CO 2 2, 003, 851 1, 899, 811 0 666, 654 NOX 4, 023 3, 725 SOX 12, 114 10, 993 PM 10 109 105 666, 654 Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Objectives: • Install a thermal storage system to decrease energy consumed by the chiller • Reduce electric costs Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Chilled Water vs. Ice Chilled Water: • Requires Less Chiller Energy • Easier to Regulate Water Temps • Cheaper • Heat Transfer Less Effective Ice: • • Requires More Chiller Energy Difficult to Regulate Water Temps More Expensive Heat Transfer More Effective Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Chilled Water: • Requires Less Chiller Energy • Easier to Regulate Water Temps • Cheaper • Heat Transfer Less Effective Partial vs. Full Storage Meets Load Storage Chiller Meets Load Partial: • Chiller runs 24 hours • Lower chiller capacity • During on-peak, chiller and storage supply load 24 -hour Period Full: • Chiller runs 12 hours • Higher chiller capacity • During on-peak, storage supplies load Tons Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Chilled Water vs. Ice Tons PRESENTATION OUTLINE Storage Meets Load Chiller Meets Load 24 -hour Period Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Stratified Tank Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Less dense warm water floats over denser cold water, Thermocline inhibits mixing of warm and cool water Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Off-Peak On-Peak Cold chiller water enters tank at bottom and pushes warm water out top to chiller Cold water leaves tank at bottom to go to loads and warm water enters chiller or top of tank Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage System Layout PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Chilled Water Stratified Tank 120’ Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage System Layout PRESENTATION OUTLINE Partial Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Chiller Manufacturer Type CHLR-1 Mammoth Evaporative Condensing Capacity [tons] Manufacturer Type CHLR-1 Mammoth Evaporative Condensing 240 120 Full Storage Partial Storage Full Chiller Capacity [tons] Pump Manufacturer Flow [gpm] Head [ft. w. c. ] Pump Efficiency Motor Size [hp] CHW-1 Bell&Gossett 407 60 78. 5% 6. 2 CHW-1 Bell&Gossett 600 73 82. 5% 11. 1 CHW-2 Bell&Gossett 407 60 78. 5% 6. 2 CHW-2 Bell&Gossett 600 73 82. 5% 11. 1 CHW-3 Bell&Gossett 407 53 78. 0% 5. 4 CHW-3 Bell&Gossett 600 61 82. 5% 9. 2 CHW-4 Bell&Gossett 407 53 78. 0% 5. 4 CHW-4 Bell&Gossett 600 61 82. 5% 9. 2 Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Initial Investment Cost Analysis Partial Storage COST System Full Storage Thermal Storage Existing MAT. $163, 358. 60 $172, 000. 00 TOTAL System MAT. INST. TOTAL $466, 093. 80 Thermal Storage $222, 858. 60 $37, 335. 20 $527, 693. 80 Existing $172, 000. 00 $8, 475. 00 System $180, 475. 00 INST. $35, 235. 20 Thermal Storage System Existing System 1, 170, 367 1, 367, 278 $8, 475. 00 TOTAL k. Wh SAVINGS Difference Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Full Storage Partial Storage $180, 475. 00 196, 911 k. Wh/yr $285, 618. 80 TOTAL k. Wh Thermal Storage Existing System 1, 291, 252 1, 367, 278 Difference SAVINGS $347, 218. 80 76, 026 k. Wh/yr Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Thermal Storage Payback PRESENTATION OUTLINE Cost Analysis Utility Costs Cost Per Year Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage System Type Stratified Tank System Layout Cost Analysis Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Date Year Initial Cost [$] 2011 0 $285, 618. 80 2018 7 Savings per Year [$/yr] $45, 448 Total Savings [$] Partial Storage $318, 136 Existing System Electric $69, 847 $109, 109 Gas $5, 580 Total $75, 426 $114, 689 Savings Date Year Initial Cost [$] 2011 0 $347, 218. 80 2021 10 Full Storage $39, 263 / yr = $0. 451 / S. F. Utility Costs Full Storage Cost Per Year Savings per Year [$/yr] Total Savings [$] $36, 763 $367, 630 Thermal Storage System Existing System Electric $61, 162 $109, 109 Gas $5, 580 Total $66, 741 $114, 689 Savings Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Thermal Storage System Partial Storage $47, 948 / yr = $0. 551 / S. F. Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Acoustical Breadth PRESENTATION OUTLINE Objective NC 35 max Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Objective Existing Sound Levels Proposed Solution Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions NC 30 max Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Acoustical Breadth PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Objective Existing Sound Levels Proposed Solution Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions NC 35 max DOAU Sound Power (d. B re: 10 E-12 watts) Rm. 4071 DOAU Penthouse Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 (6) Fans 100 97 100 91 88 88 NC 30 18 12 0 0 0 Penthouse Sound Power (d. B re: 10 E-12 watts) Rm. 4065 NC 30 max Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Existing Sound Levels Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 (2) Boilers 75 75 78 79 66 58 (4) Compressors 75 74 73 71 70 60 (8) Pumps 89 91 91 89 86 83 Total d. B 89 91 91 89 86 83 NC 14 13 0 0 1 2 TL = 20 log(fms) - 47. 3 Transmission Loss Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 (2) 20 Ga Steel 19 22 28 30 35 42 3 lb/cu. ft. insul. 0 2 8 14 20 26 6” batt insul. 0 0 2 8 5/8” GWB 14 20 26 32 38 44 LR = LS – TL + 10 log (S/RR) Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Acoustical Breadth Proposed Solution PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Objective Existing Sound Levels Proposed Solution Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Green Glue Transmission Loss Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 (2) 20 Ga Steel 19 22 28 30 35 42 3 lb/cu. ft. Insul. 0 2 8 14 20 26 6” Batt Insul. 0 0 2 8 Green Glue 23 40 45 55 53 60 (2) 5/8” GWB 14 20 26 32 38 44 NC 1 0 0 0 1 2 Transmission Loss Frequency [Hz] 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 9” R-30 Insul. 0 50 1 0 56 0 0 62 2 1 68 0 7 74 0 14 80 0 9 -1/2” Concrete Slab NC Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Penthouse On Roof Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Conclusion PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Recommendation Acknowledgements Questions Recommendations Implementation of Thermal Storage: Implementation of ground-source heat pumps: Partial Storage: • $285, 000 extra investment • $48, 000 savings each year • Payback in 7 years • $41, 000 extra investment • $5, 500 extra each year • More Emissions NOT Recommended Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Full Storage • $350, 000 extra investment • $39, 000 savings each year • Payback in 10 years Recommend Chilled Water Thermal Storage. Partial Storage Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Acknowledgements PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option I Would Like to Thank: Dr. Treado Dr. Bahnfleth Prof. Holland Prof. Parfitt Dr. Srebric Dr. Freihaut Prof. Ling Ryan Ter. Meulen Mike Kilkeary Southland Industries Family Friends Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Acknowledgements PRESENTATION OUTLINE Building Background Existing Conditions Depth 1: Geothermal Depth 2: Thermal Storage Breadth: Acoustics Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Images www. southlandind. com www. ashrae. org www. b-es. org www. mcquay. com www. anmascorp. com www. architerials. com www. esource. com www. greengluecompany. com Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option I Would Like to Thank: Dr. Treado Dr. Bahnfleth Prof. Holland Prof. Parfitt Dr. Srebric Dr. Freihaut Prof. Ling Ryan Ter. Meulen Mike Kilkeary Southland Industries Family Friends Questions? Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Appendices Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Appendices Loop Head Pressure Q, gpm=292 tons/500 bores=0. 58 tons/bore*3 gpm/ton=1. 75 [gpm/bore] dbranch = 1 -1/4” dheader = 6” Head loss through branch = 0. 5 ft / 100 ft For Nominal Size 1 -1/4”, ft= 0. 022 90° elbow: K = 30 ft, ft =0. 022 K = 30(0. 022) = 0. 66 L= 3. 5 ft Total Equivalent Branch Length: Actual pipe length 1235 ft (4) 90° elbows Total 0. 5 ft 100 ft* 1249 ft = 6 ft Head Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option 14 ft_ 1249 ft where, Fsc = short-circuit heat loss factor Lc = required bore length for cooling, ft Lh = required bore length for heating, ft PLFm = part-load factor during design month qa = net annual average heat transfer to ground, Btu/h qlc = building design cooling block load, Btu/h qlh = building design heating block load, Btu/h Rga = effective thermal resistance of ground (annual pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu Rgd = effective thermal resistance of ground (peak daily pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu Rgm = effective thermal resistance of ground (monthly pulse), h-ft-°F/Btu Rb = thermal resistance of bore, h-ft-°F/Btu tg = undisturbed ground temperature, °F tp = temperature penalty for interference of adjacent bores, °F twi = liquid temperature at heat pump inlet, °F two = liquid temperature at heat pump outlet, °F Wc = system power input at design cooling load, W Wh = system power input at design heating load, W Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Appendices Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA

Appendices Full Storage Simple Payback Partial Storage Simple Payback Utility Savings [$/yr] Savings per Year [$/yr] Total Savings [$] Year Initial Cost [$] Maintenance [$] Utility Savings [$/yr] Savings per Year [$/yr] 2011 0 $347, 218. 80 2012 Total Savings [$] 1 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 2013 2 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $73, 526 Date Year 2011 0 $285, 618. 80 2012 1 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 2013 2 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 $90, 896 2014 3 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $110, 289 2014 3 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 $136, 344 2015 4 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $147, 052 2015 4 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 $181, 792 2016 5 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $183, 815 2016 5 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 $227, 688 2017 6 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $220, 578 2017 6 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 $272, 688 2018 7 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $257, 341 2019 8 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $294, 104 2018 7 $2, 500 $47, 948 $45, 448 $318, 136 2020 9 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $330, 867 2021 10 $2, 500 $39, 263 $36, 763 $367, 630 Alexander Quercetti Mechanical Option Maintenance [$] Date Initial Cost [$] Army Administration Facility Mid-Atlantic, USA