Aristotle Greek Philosopher 384 322 B C He

Aristotle: Greek Philosopher (384 – 322 B. C. ) He was the son of a Macedonian court physician, and studied at PLATO’s academy in Athens. In 343 B. C. he became the tutor to the young Alexander the Great. In 335 B. C. , he set up his own school at the Lyceum in Athens. Many of his lectures which were written down still survive. He was a pioneer in many fields including the sciences and LOGIC.

Audience and Appeals: According to Aristotle ETHOS PATHOS LOGOS

ETHOS Appeals to ETHOS are appeals to the underlying values and beliefs of the audience.

There are two benefits of the appeal of ETHOS : First benefit – It helps the speaker to establish his/her own credibility and authority – or as Aristotle puts it – “the personal character” of the speaker.

For Example : A politician who presents himself as the product of an economically poor environment is appealing to the American belief in success as a product of hard work.

For Example : Another example might be a respected television personality endorsing a product.

For Example : Another example might be a respected television personality endorsing a product. “Grab a glass of milk and get in the game. ”

The appeal to ETHOS also has a second benefit or function as well, one that is subtle, but very important. Second function – The speaker draws on the values of and beliefs of the audience, not only to establish his/her own authority, but to also suggest the underlying premises which will support the arguments and conclusions he/she is trying to make.

For Example : “But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B. C. left their villages and carried their ‘thus saith the Lord’ far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid. Martin Luther King, “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

PATHOS Appeals to PATHOS are appeals to the underlying emotions and feelings of the audience.

PATHOS Appeals to PATHOS are appeals to the underlying emotions and feelings of the audience. For example: An superintendent could argue that the old buses for the school district should be replaced because they are ten years old and are costly to repair. But he could also talk about the horrible injuries that might occur to a bus load of children trapped in a bus that crashed due to old, defective brakes.

PATHOS Appeals to PATHOS are appeals to the underlying emotions and feelings of the audience.

PATHOS Appeals to PATHOS are appeals to the underlying emotions and feelings of the audience.

LOGOS Appeals to LOGOS are appeals to the underlying logic and structure of an argument.

LOGOS Appeals to LOGOS are appeals to the underlying logic and structure of an argument. On the other hand, the superintendent trying to buy news busses could use statistics to make his argument. He could cite statistics from the National Highway Transportation Agency that state that buses older than 10 years suffer 34% more accidents.

LOGOS Appeals to LOGOS are appeals to the underlying logic and structure of an argument. Let’s say you’re trying to get your sister to stop smoking. You could say something like, “You know, smoking’s really bad for you. ”

LOGOS Appeals to LOGOS are appeals to the underlying logic and structure of an argument. On the other hand, you could use data from the American Lung Association - Smokers die significantly earlier than nonsmokers: 13. 2 years for men and 14. 5 years for women.

LOGOS Aristotle also cites two basic methods of developing Logos appeals: INDUCTION : arguing from the evidence based on experience. (i. e. – observations) DEDUCTION : arguing from general principles

LOGOS Aristotle cites two basic methods of developing logos appeals: INDUCTION : arguing from the evidence based on experience. (i. e. – observations) DEDUCTION : arguing from general principles

INDUCTION : arguing from the evidence based on experience. (i. e. – observations). For example : You often read stories in the newspaper about criminals who make stupid errors. A friend who is a policeman tells you about the stupid mistakes criminals often make when they confront him. You decide that criminals are usually stupid people.

INDUCTION : arguing from the evidence based on experience. (i. e. – observations). For example : You drive on a particular stretch of highway and observe on three separate occasions that the police have pulled over a car. You make the conclusion that the area is a “speed trap” and that the police will always be patrolling the area for speeders.

DEDUCTION : arguing from general principles toward a specific conclusion.

DEDUCTION : arguing from general principles toward a specific conclusion. For example. . . Governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed. Governments exist to protect the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Therefore – a government that does not protect these rights should be abolished.

DEDUCTION – another example

DEDUCTION – another example In 1954, two British jet airliners, called Comets, mysteriously dropped from the sky into the sea. Both planes crashed into deep water and so the authorities were unable to recover the wreckages. They did, however, recover 21 of the bodies from the surface of the sea. Sir Harold Whittingham, director of medical services for the BOAC, was asked to carry out the investigation.

DEDUCTION – another example It’s hard to believe now, but established protocol for aircraft accidents did not exist in 1954. There were no black boxes, no cockpit voice recorders or flight data recorders so there was no way of knowing what was going on when the jetliner crashed.

DEDUCTION – another example It’s hard to believe now, but established protocol for aircraft accidents did not exist in 1954. There were no black boxes, no cockpit voice recorders or flight data recorders so there was no way of knowing what was going on when the jetliner crashed. If they were going to find out anything, it had to be by deduction, using clues.

What happened? Sir Harold and his team noticed right away that all 21 of the cadavers suffered injuries that were quite similar. They showed relatively few external wounds but many internal injuries, particularly to the lungs.

The three conditions known to cause these kinds of lung injuries: BOMB BLAST SUDDEN DECOMPRESSION (as what happens when pressurization of an airplane cabin fails) FALL FROM EXTREME HEIGHTS

Bomb blast : The bomb possibility was the first to be ruled out. None of the bodies were burned, none had been penetrated with bomb generated shrapnel. THEREFORE – using deduction, Sir Harold ruled out the former Comet employee bearing some kind of insane grudge.

Sudden Depressurization That left the second possibility which might have caused lung damage – sudden decompression. To find out, the team recruited a group of guinea pigs and exposed them to sudden simulated pressure drop – from sea level to 35, 000 feet. To quote Sir Harold, “The guinea pigs appeared mildly startled. . . But showed no signs of respiratory distress. ”

FALL FROM EXTREME HEIGHTS Using deduction Sir Harold and his team had figured out that the other two causes were not responsible for the crashes, so he turned to the third – a really, really long fall; therefore, he wanted to find out exactly what happens to the lungs when they hit water at terminal velocity. The medical team once again turned to the guinea pigs.

“Extreme Water Impact” Sir Harold and his team devised a “vertical catapult” to achieve the necessary forces to test his theory. “The guinea pigs were lightly secured by strips of adhesive paper to the under surface of the carrier so that when the latter was arrested to the lower limit of its excursion, the guinea pig was projected belly first, about 2 ½ feet through the air before hitting the water. ”

Structure Failure at Altitude To make a long story short, the catapulted guinea pigs’ lungs looked a lot like the Comet passengers’ lungs. Therefore, using deduction, the researchers concluded that the planes had broken apart at altitude, spilling most of the passengers into the sea.

Results: Although this is a grim story, the results from this study helped aeronautical engineers fix the structural problem on the Comet and future generations of commercial aircraft.

Audience and Appeals: According to Aristotle ETHOS – underlying values PATHOS – emotions, feelings LOGOS – logic or structure of the argument

Ethos, Pathos and Logos:

Ethos, Pathos and Logos:

Ethos, Pathos and Logos:

Ethos, Pathos and Logos: