ARGUMENTS Identifying Ordering Premises Premises Reasons Premises Reasons

ARGUMENTS Identifying & Ordering

Premises

Premises � * Reasons

Premises � * Reasons � We went home because no one had any money.

Premises � * Reasons � We went home because no one had any money.

Premises � * Reasons � We went home because no one had any money.

Premises � * Reasons � We went home because no one had any money. No one had any money. We went home. � �

Premises � * Reasons � We went home because no one had any money. No one had any money. We went home. � � If p, then q p q q

Modus Ponens � “way of affirmation” � � If p then q p Therefore q � Valid �

Validity � Validity is the term used to signify an argument is correct, that it has followed the rules of formal logic. � The truth of the premises logically guarantees the truth of the conclusion.

�If p then q �q �Therefore p

Invalid �If p then q �q �Therefore p

Invalid � � � If p then q q Therefore p If a chicken, then a bird. This is a bird. Therefore, this is a chicken.

Venn Diagram

Venn Diagram Wren

Argument Markers � argue, proof, prove, demonstrate, justify, establish, determine

Reason Markers � because, since, for, in light of, reason, assume, according to, considering, by, if

Conclusion Markers � therefore, thus, hence, as a result, in that case, for that reason, as a consequence, then, so, accordingly, the bottom line, rules in

Identify the Markers � We cannot take another year of high taxes. All of our farm equipment needs replacing, and because we are paying high taxes, we have less money available for buying what we need for our farm. In the long run, this high taxation will also generate less income for the government because more and more farmers will have to get out of the farming business. So more taxes hurts not only farmers, but also the government.

Identify the Markers � We cannot take another year of high taxes. All of our farm equipment needs replacing, and because we are paying high taxes, we have less money available for buying what we need for our farm. In the long run, this high taxation will also generate less income for the government because more and more farmers will have to get out of the farming business. So more taxes hurts not only farmers, but also the government.

Separate the Statements � � � � We cannot take another year of high taxes. All our farm equipment needs replacing. because we are paying high taxes we have less money for buying what is needed high taxation will generate less income for the government because more famers will leave farming so higher taxes hurt the government as well as farmers.

Premises � Conclusion We are paying high taxes

Premises � � Conclusion We are paying high taxes Therefore we have less money to buy farm equipment.

Premises � � Conclusion Because we are paying high taxes Therefore we have less money to supply needed farm equipment. Because more farmers will leave farming. Therefore fewer farmers will pay taxes.

Premises � � Conclusion Because the government is collecting less money. Therefore the government is harmed.

Procedure � � 1. Identify the “markers” for the argument: reasons(premises) and conclusions. 2. Separate out the statements. Be careful when summarizing or paraphrasing so that you don’t alter the meaning. 3. Arrange in Premise Conclusion order. 4. Evaluate the truth of the premises and check to see the conclusion follows from the premises.