Argumentation Fallacies Cognitive biases Necessary sufficient conditions BWS
Argumentation Fallacies Cognitive biases Necessary & sufficient conditions BWS
A is a necessary condition of B if not-A entails not-B A is a sufficient condition of B if A entails B BWS
necessary & sufficient necessary but not sufficient but not necessary neither necessary nor sufficient BWS
Rhetoric vs. philosophy Necessary vs. sufficiency Validity vs. invalidity Soundness vs. unsoundness BWS
What is the difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge? BWS
January 2022 A priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge What is a distinction? Can you draw a distinction relevant to strength? BWS
Assuming one has been taught English… Knowable just by Knowable only after thinking (reason) observing, researching etc. (empirical investigation) BWS
1+1=2 BWS
Bullers Wood covers over 23 acres BWS
A body takes up space BWS
Ryan Air flights to Rome are cancelled today BWS
If Alice is taller than Bertha, then Bertha is smaller than Alice BWS
A light cannot be both on and off at the same time BWS
There are 98 light bulbs in Inglewood BWS
Challenge • Read through the statements • (some are false – but that is of no significance) • Split them into two categories, based on how we can be justified in knowing them. BWS
Devise your own examples… BWS
Knowable just by thinking reason rational, logical thinking Knowable after observation, etc. empirically sensory, scientific enquiry BWS
fire burns Kitchen ovens can reach over 400 Celsius Dodos became extinct at some time after 1662 There are 289 days Something cannot exist and not exist at the same time 17 x 17 =289 before Jay’s birthday A community is a group Community relations in of people Bromley are strained BWS
Knowable only after experience Key Epistemological Knowable before experience Distinction Knowable through reason alone a priori a posteriori Two ways of establishing knowledge Knowable empirically Knowable through sense experience alone Knowable independent of sense experience BWS
• What is a distinction? • What is the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge? • What are the etymologies of these terms? • What was Kant’s contribution? And Bon. Jour’s? Bruce Russell’s? BWS
• You need to be 100% sure about the difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge before we proceed. BWS
A priori knowledge • Truths that are knowable before (prior to) ________ • __________ establishes that knowledge instead BWS
A posteriori knowledge • Truths that are only knowable _______ sense experience BWS
a priori a posteriori BWS
Note on a priori knowledge • Kant introduces the distinction • Should acknowledge that ________ is needed to learn the meaning of the _______ in the first place BWS
What is Hume’s Fork? BWS
Hume’s Fork BWS
If we take in our hand any Volume; of Divinity or School Metaphysics, for Instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract Reasoning concerning Quantity or Number? No. Does it contain any experimental Reasoning concerning Matter of Fact and Existence? No. Commit it then to the Flames: For it can contain nothing but Sophistry and Illusion. BWS
Explain what the quotation means Relations Matters of fact and between ideas real existence BWS
8 x 8=64 • Is this a priori or a posteriori? BWS
JS is (just over ) 5 ft • Is this a priori or a posteriori? BWS
Empiricism verses Rationalism BWS
Key Terms empiricism divine revelation rationalism sense experience gnosticism reason BWS
What’s the difference between empiricism and rationalism? Empiricism ‘experientia’, sense Rationalism ‘ratio’, reason experience Locke, Hume, Berkeley Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza BWS
Empiricists • …maintain that sense experience is the (ultimate) source of all of our concepts and knowledge BWS
Rationalists • …maintain that reason is the source of some of our concepts or knowledge BWS
• Necessary vs. contingent truths • Analytical vs. synthetic truths BWS
Review 1 Explain the difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge. BWS
Review 2 Explain the difference between rationalism and empiricism (5). BWS
- Slides: 39