ARE VACCINES SAFE AND EFFECTIVE DR BOYD E

ARE VACCINES SAFE AND EFFECTIVE? DR. BOYD E. HALEY PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY/BIOCHEMISTRY EMERITUS UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

CDC Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0 Through 6 Years—United States • 2011 http: //www. cdc. gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/downloads/child/0 -6 yrs-schedule-pr. pdf

Important Observations 1. Today 2011, the USA has the highest infant vaccination rate in the world, yet the USA is number 41 on the infant mortality list. 2. The USA has a very high rate of aged individuals being vaccinated, yet we are now number 28 on the longevity list. 3. A recent report by Generation Rescue clearly shows the USA has the highest vaccine rate and the highest level of autism of 5 major countries. 4. If vaccines decrease the rate of childhood death due to infectious diseases what types of death are occurring that make the USA place #41?

USA Lags on Child Mortality, Figures Show---by Noam N. Levey Chicago Tribune May 23, 2010 • Children mortality rates younger than 5 fell to 7. 7 million, down from 11. 9 million two decades ago. • USA now ranks 42 nd globally, behind much of Europe as well as the United Arab Emirates, Cuba and Chile. • Twenty years (1990) ago the USA was 29 th. • Singapore has a mortality rate of 2. 5 deaths per 1, 000 and the USA rate is 6. 7 per 1, 000. • High rates exist among higher income whites, a group that traditionally has best access to medical care.

CONSIDERATIONS • After making vaccines compulsory the USA dropped from 3 rd in the table of infant mortality to 24 th. Due no doubt to their high incidence of SID cot-death (8, 000). • The Japanese (pop 120 million) after delaying the DPT vaccine until the second year, in 1975 & 76, immediately jumped from 17 th place to the country with the lowest infant mortality in the world. • In 1988 they lowered the minimum age again and the infant mortality immediately increased again.

Child Death Rates in the United States Although the under-5 mortality rate in the United States has fallen in recent decades, it is still higher than many other wealthy nations – 2. 3 times that of Iceland more than 75 percent higher than the rate of the Czech Republic, Finland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden. If CDC mandated vaccinations prevent death why is their such disparity in child death rates between these states?

Child Deaths in the Developed World

Infant death rate (under 1 year old per 1, 000 births) 1997, 2006 Luxemborg 3. 45 Singapore 3. 76 Sweden (1996) 3. 82 Japan 3. 65 Finland (1996) 3. 91 Austria 4. 73 France (1996) 4. 76 Germany 4. 86 Spain (1995) 5. 49 Slovenia 5. 21 Canada 5. 52 Uk 5. 86 Czech republic 5. 85 Denmark (1996) 5. 51 Australia (1995) 5. 55 Ireland (1996) 5. 98 Iceland (1995) 6. 07 Italy (1995) 6. 19 Israel (1996) 6. 32 6. 89 Malta 6. 41 3. 86 Portugal 6. 43 4. 98 Greece 6. 43 5. 43 New Zealand (1996) 7. 26 5. 76 USA 7. 22 per 1, 000 6. 43 Cuba (1996) 7. 90 6. 22 Croatia 8. 23 6. 72 Hungary 9. 85 8. 39 Estonia 10. 05 7. 73 Lithuania 10. 34 6. 78 Poland (1996) 12. 20 7. 22 Latvia 15. 34 9. 35 Moldova 20. 65 38. 38 Mauritius 20. 33 14. 59 Brazil (1995) 26. 25 Argentina (1996) 20. 87 WHO infant deaths http: //www-nt. who. int/whosis/statistics/whsa_table 2. cfm? path=evidence, whsa_table 2&language=english

TABLE 7 Number of Live Births and IMRs for 2004, 2005, and 2006 for Countries of 2, 500, 000 With IMRs Less Than the United States in 2006. Country No. of Births INFANT MORTALITY RATE in 2006 2005 2004 Hong Kong 65 626 1. 8 a 2. 3 2. 7 Japan 1, 092 674 2. 6 2. 8 Sweden 105 913 2. 8 2. 4 3. 1 Finland 58 840 2. 8 3. 0 3. 3 Norway 58 545 3. 2 3. 1 3. 2 Czech Republic 105 831 3. 3 3. 4 3. 7 Portugal 105 449 3. 3 3. 5 3. 8 France 796 896 3. 9 Austria 77 914 3. 6 4. 2 4. 5 Greece 112 042 3. 7 3. 8 4. 1 Italy 560 010 3. 8 3. 9 Spain 481 102 3. 8 4. 0 Germany 672 724 3. 8 3. 9 4. 1 Korea 451 514 3. 8 4. 2 4. 6 Denmark 64 984 3. 8 4. 4 Israel 148 170 4. 4 4. 6 Belgium 121 382 4. 0 3. 7 3. 8 Switzerland 73 371 4. 4 4. 2 Netherlands 185 057 4. 4 4. 9 4. 4 Australia 265 423 4. 7 5. 0 4. 6 United Kingdom 748 563 5. 0 5. 1 5. 0 New Zealand 59 193 5. 1 5. 6 Croatia 41 446 5. 2 5. 7 6. 1 Cuba 111 323 5. 3 6. 2 5. 8 Canada 350 181 NA 5. 4 5. 3 Hungary 99 871 5. 7 6. 2 6. 6 Poland 374 244 6. 0 6. 4 6. 8 Malaysia 465 112 6. 6 6. 5 United States 4 , 265 555 6. 7 6. 9 6. 8 Data source: Tables 9 and 15. In: United Nations Demographic Yearbook, 2007. New York, NY: United Nations; 2009: 328 – 338, 405 – 413. PEDIATRICS 2010; 125; 4 -15 M. Heron et al.

The Effects of a High Infant Death Rate • Top four best averaged = 1. 8 + 2. 6 + 2. 8 +2. 8 = 10/4 = 2. 5 deaths per 1000. • USA death rate = 6. 7 Therefore, 6. 7 – 2. 5= 4. 2 more deaths per 1, 000 than the top four best. • USA yearly birth population = 4 , 265 555 or 4, 265. 5 times 1, 000 births. • 4265. 5 X 4. 2 more deaths per 1, 000 = 17, 915 more infants die in the USA than would if we had an infant mortality equal to the average of the four best countries. • RIGHT TO LIFE AFTER BIRTH NEEDS ATTENTION!

WHAT DOES HISTORY IMPLY ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTION OF VACCINE TO THE ERRADICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES?

Death Rate for Infectious Diseases

Anti-vaccine Activists Get Jabbed By Michael Fumento Scripps Howard News Service, March 11, 2004 Truncated graphs made to make vaccines look much more effective than they really are. WHAT WAS THE RATE DECLINE BEFORE THE START DATES ON THESE PROVACCINE GRAPHS? ? NOW FOR THE REST OF THE STORY.

Most rapid decline of deaths due to infectious diseases occurred before the advent of vaccines to treat them. What ended this epidemic of polio? ? ? Diphtheria & Pertussis vaccines 1949 Salk era polio epidemic Measles Vaccine started 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During the 20 th Century; Gregory L. Armstrong; Laura A. Conn; Robert W. Pinner; JAMA. 1999; 281(1): 61 -66

DATA FROM ENGLAND

QUESTIONABLE EFFICACY? ? ?

Deaths from Diphtheria dropped dramatically before the advent of vaccines! DATA FROM THE USA Data & graphs supplied by Roman Bystrianyk

There has never been a vaccine for scarlet fever. Scarlet Fever Death Rate (England & Wales) reveals that in the period of 1865 to 1935, before sulfonamides had become available in England Wales, the annual death rate from scarlet fever declined by approximately 96 percent. UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION Medical Miracle or Masterful Mirage By Dr. Raymond Obomsawin

Deaths from Pertussis dropped dramatically before advent of vaccine. DATA FROM THE USA Data & graphs supplied by Roman Bystrianyk

1. 2. 3. 4. 332 – 8 = 324 197/324 = 0. 608 197 + 45 + 20 = 262/324 =. 809 AT LEAST 61% WERE UP TO DATE VACCINATED. ABOUT 81% WERE VACCINATED. UTD = up-to-date with age appropriate pertussis vaccinations by immunization record review or parent report NUTD = not up-to-date with age appropriate pertussis vaccinations PBE = personal belief exemption reported by parent and/or physician UNK = unknown TDAP DUE = any child 11 -18 years old who had only 5 pertussis containing immunizations with no Tdap noted (source: San Diego County Health & Human Services Agency)

• CDC Statement On Why Vaccinated People In Calif. Are Contracting Pertussis • Vaccines for pertussis are very effective, but no vaccine protects forever in 100 percent of those vaccinated. Protection wanes over time, which is the reason for intermittent “booster doses. ” • High vaccination coverage in communities and in families also protects others, including those who are too young to be vaccinated or whose immunity from vaccination has waned. • CA is experiencing a significant increase in pertussis circulating in the community. That disease pressure is causing more fully vaccinated and recently vaccinated people to become infected than in a typical year. It does not mean the vaccine is not working. ? ? ? • Rather, the higher the vaccine coverage, the higher the proportion of cases who have been vaccinated. This is commonly misinterpreted to mean that a vaccine is not working, when in fact it means that coverage is high. ? ? ? ? ? http: //www. kpbs. org/news/2010/sep/07/whooping-cough-vaccine-working/

ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE • IF YOU BUY THE LOGIC OF THE CDC YOU CAN NEVER DETERMINE THAT A VACCINE IS NOT EFFECTIVE. • VACCINES ARE MEANT TO PREVENT INFECTIONS, NO MATTER THE SOURCE. THE PRECEDING DATA SHOWS THAT THE WHOOPING COUGH VACCINE DOES NOT WORK EFFECTIVELY, AT BEST. • HOW DO OTHER VACCINES COMPARE WITH REGARDS TO PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES? • DOES DATA REALLY EXIST TO SHOW GOOD EFFICACY FOR ANY COMMERCIAL VACCINE?

FLU Vaccine started. What stopped the decline? This graph shows a magnified view of the devastation caused by tuberculosis and influenza was far greater than the other infectious diseases of scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and typhoid. The graph also reveals the horrible death rate during the 1918 flu pandemic.

Put simply, polio rates decreased before the use of any vaccine. Poliomyelitis (Dominican Republic) reveals that in the period of 1980 to mid 1983 --before implementation of EPI the poliomyelitis morbidity rate underwent a natural decline equivalent to 98. 5 percent to what is practically an eradication level of only 1 per million. EPI was followed by a continuing natural decline to zero, however the incidence of poliomyelitis then underwent a minor increase for two years, and gradually returned to a zero level in 1980. UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION Medical Miracle or Masterful Mirage By Dr. Raymond Obomsawin

Polio Myth Polio cases rose about 300 to 400% in these 5 places that made the Salk vaccine compulsory by law: —North Carolina: 78 cases in 1958 before compulsory shots. 313 cases in 1959. A 401% INCREASE —Connecticut: 45 cases in 1958 before compulsory shots. 123 cases in 1959. A 273% INCREASE —Tennessee: 119 cases in 1958 before compulsory shots. 386 cases in 1959. A 324% INCREASE —Ohio: 17 cases in 1958 before compulsory shots. 52 cases in 1959. A 305% INCREASE —Los Angeles: 89 cases in 1958 before compulsory shots. 190 cases in 1959. A 213% INCREASE

WW I Highest compliance for vaccination! 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During the 20 th Century; Gregory L. Armstrong; Laura A. Conn; Robert W. Pinner; JAMA. 1999; 281(1): 61 -66

Typhoid and dysentery decreased dramatically without the presence of a vaccine to prevent them! This was the result of improve hygiene. Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During the 20 th Century; Gregory L. Armstrong; Laura A. Conn; Robert W. Pinner; JAMA. 1999; 281(1): 61 -66

The scourge of syphilis was decreased by the advent of antibiotics. Trends in Infectious Disease Mortality in the United States During the 20 th Century; Gregory L. Armstrong; Laura A. Conn; Robert W. Pinner; JAMA. 1999; 281(1): 61 -66

THE FLU SEASON AND THE CDC WARNING: DOES IT MAKE SENSE? EVERY FLU SEASON THE MEDIA POUNDS CITIZENS WITH THE WARNING FROM THE CDC THAT 36, 000 AMERICAN DIE EVERY YEAR FROM COMPLICATIONS CAUSED BY THE FLU. CONSIDER: 36, 000/50 STATES = 720 DEATHS/STATE AVERAGE. WHEN HAVE YOU EVER HEARD OF THIS MANY FOLKS DYING OF THE FLU? THE CDC REPORT IS JUST TOTALLY INACCURATE AND MISLEADING AND IS PART OF THEIR ENTIRE “PROGRAM OF FEAR”.

. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7; (7): CD 001269 Vaccines Field, The Cochrane Collaboration, Via Adige 28 a, Anguillara Sabazia, Roma, Italy, 00061. Abstract BACKGROUND: Different types of influenza vaccines are currently produced worldwide. Healthy adults are presently targeted mainly in North America. OBJECTIVES: Identify, retrieve and assess all studies evaluating the effects of vaccines against influenza in healthy adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2010, issue 2), MEDLINE (January 1966 to June 2010) and EMBASE (1990 to June 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing influenza vaccines with placebo or no intervention in naturally-occurring influenza in healthy individuals aged 16 to 65 years. We also included comparative studies assessing serious and rare harms. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: We included 50 reports. Forty (59 sub-studies) were clinical trials of over 70, 000 people. Eight were comparative non-RCTs and assessed serious harms. Two were reports of harms which could not be introduced in the data analysis. In the relatively uncommon circumstance of vaccine matching the viral circulating strain and high circulation, 4% of unvaccinated people versus 1% of vaccinated people developed influenza symptoms (risk difference (RD) 3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2% to 5%). The corresponding figures for poor vaccine matching were 2% and 1% (RD 1, 95% CI 0% to 3%). These differences were not likely to be due to chance. Vaccination had a modest effect on time off work and had no effect on hospital admissions or complication rates. Inactivated vaccines caused local harms and an estimated 1. 6 additional cases of Guillain. Barré Syndrome per million vaccinations. The harms evidence base is limited.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7; (7): CD 001269. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Bawazeer GA, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E. Vaccines Field, The Cochrane Collaboration, Via Adige 28 a, Anguillara Sabazia, Roma, Italy, 00061. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccines have a modest effect in reducing influenza symptoms and working days lost. There is no evidence that they affect complications, such as pneumonia, or transmission. WARNING: This review includes 15 out of 36 trials funded by industry (four had no funding declaration). An earlier systematic review of 274 influenza vaccine studies published up to 2007 found industry funded studies were published in more prestigious journals and cited more than other studies independently from methodological quality and size. Studies funded from public sources were significantly less likely to report conclusions favorable to the vaccines. The review showed that reliable evidence on influenza vaccines is thin but there is evidence of widespread manipulation of conclusions and spurious notoriety of the studies. The content and conclusions of this review should be interpreted in light of this finding. PMID: 20614424 [Pub. Med - indexed for MEDLINE]

As Vaccination Rates Rise, Flu Deaths Little Changed; p. F 4, Tuesday, October 25, 2005 Washington Post.

REASONING? ? ? • IT IS RATHER EASY TO FIND DATA THAT WOULD QUESTION THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE SUPPORT FOR A LARGE FLU VACCINE PROGRAMS. • IT SEEMS THE VACCINE INDUSTRY USES FEAR AND INTIMIDATION TO PUSH THE VACCINATION RATES RATHER THAN PROVIDE PROOF OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY. • FOLLOW THE MONEY TRAIL. HAS THE USA PRODUCED AN INDUSTRY THAT FIGHTS FOR ITS SURVIVAL BASED ON FALSE DATA? • LATEST FROM THE CDC: YOU CAN CHOOSE TO GET YOUR VACCINE USING A DRAMATICALLY SMALLER NEEDLE. WALMART, RITE AID AND FLEA MARKETS WILL HAVE ADEQUATE SUPPLIES.

Typhoid and Scarlet Fever vanished without vaccines but with clean water, better nutrition, sanitation and living conditions.

The incidence of Pertussis (Whopping Cough) spiked after the vaccine was first introduced. One of the symptoms related to the earlier vaccines was a cough that was similar to the whopping cough. What many medical professionals feel is that Whopping Cough was misdiagnosed and that caused the apparent increase in this disease.

UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION Medical Miracle or Masterful Mirage By Dr. Raymond Obomsawin • If Vaccine "Lymph" isn't enough for anyone to see the absurdity of smallpox vaccination, then the smallpox graphs give the picture in a second. • And the rest of the vaccine graphs paint a similar picture of the great vaccine fraud, with the measles one being a special eye opener, 99. 4% reduction in death rate from 1901/2 (England & Wales) to 1968 when they introduced measles vaccination. • And parents are sold the outrageous lie that vaccination was the only factor in its decline, when it didn't in fact do anything.

The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century John B. Mc. Kinlay; Sonja M. Mc. Kinlay, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, Vol. 55, No. 3. (Summer, 1977), pp. 405 -428. • “The four diseases (pneumonia, influenza, whooping cough, and diphtheria) exhibit relatively smooth mortality trends which are unaffected by the medical measures, even though these were introduced relatively early, when the death rates were still notable. ” • “it is only for poliomyelitis that the medical measure appears to have produced any noticeable change in the trends. ” • “Clearly, for tuberculosis, typhoid, measles, and scarlet fever, the medical measures considered were introduced at the point when the death rate for each of these diseases was already negligible. Any change in the rates of decline which may have occurred subsequent to the interventions could only be minute. ” • “More specifically, with reference to those five conditions (influenza, pneumonia, diphtheria, whooping cough, and poliomyelitis) for which the decline in mortality appears substantial after the point of intervention-and on the unlikely assumption that all of this decline is attributable to the intervention-it is estimated that at most 3. 5 percent of the total decline in mortality since 1900 could be ascribed to medical measures introduced for the diseases considered • here. ”

Based on the official death numbers as recorded in the Official Year Books of the Commonwealth of Australia, are taken from Greg Beattie's excellent book "Vaccination A Parent's Dilemma" and represent the decline in death rates from infectious disease in Australia. They clearly show that vaccines had nothing to do with the decline in death rates.

SUMMARY • Vaccines cannot take credit for the massive improvement in human survival from infectious diseases. Hygiene, good housing, antibiotics plus dietary improvements have played the major role in decrease in infectious diseases. • It is very questionable that certain individual vaccines are efficacious. • The cost of our vaccine programs may not be cost effective and the funds could be better spent improving hygiene and diets. • Vaccine may even be responsible for the increased infant deaths in the USA compared to other modern countries. • To mandate citizens be vaccinated based on the existing science is unsupportable.

A Positive Association found between Autism Prevalence and Childhood Vaccination uptake across the U. S. Population. Delong G. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011 Jan; 74(14): 903 -16. pdf here The reason for the rapid rise of autism in the United States that began in the 1990 s is a mystery. Although individuals probably have a genetic predisposition to develop autism, researchers suspect that one or more environmental triggers are also needed. One of those triggers might be the battery of vaccinations that young children receive. Using regression analysis and controlling for family income and ethnicity, the relationship between the proportion of children who received the recommended vaccines by age 2 years and the prevalence of autism (AUT) or speech or language impairment (SLI) in each U. S. state from 2001 and 2007 was determined. A positive and statistically significant relationship was found: The higher the proportion of children receiving recommended vaccinations, the higher was the prevalence of AUT or SLI. A 1% increase in vaccination was associated with an additional 680 children having AUT or SLI. Neither parental behavior nor access to care affected the results, since vaccination proportions were not significantly related (statistically) to any other disability or to the number of pediatricians in a U. S. state. The results suggest that although mercury has been removed from many vaccines, other culprits may link vaccines to autism. Further study into the relationship between vaccines and autism is warranted.

Thimerosal reduced vaccines available. CDC MANDATED VACCINE PROGRAM 1988 Thimerosal preserved flu vaccine recommended by CDC for pregnant mothers and infants 6 months old Increase over the last 15 years Children with Autism / ASD age 6 -21 in U. S. Schools. Source: U. S. Department of Education

DTP AND HIB VACCINES CONTAINED THIMEROSAL Data and graph are from a 2001 peer reviewed paper by Jick & Kaye. The dates of changes to the vaccine schedule superimposed - Sources stated on them - British Medical Journal. Source: Clifford G. Miller

AUTISM AND THE RATE OF ASD IN EIGHT YEAR OLDS FROM 1992, 1994 AND 1996 AND RELATIONSHIP TO COMPLIANCY IN RECEIVING THE HEPATITIS-B VACCINE DATE 1992 1994 1996 2000 YEAR EVALUATED ASD/10, 000(ADDM) 2000 2002 2004 2008 67 74 >100 ? ? ? HEP-B % (CDC DATA) 8% 27% 82% Thimerosal removed(? ) from infant vaccines in 2003. ADDM (Autism& Developmental Disabilities Monitoring network, CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report). Hep-B introduced in 1991 with 25 mcgs thimerosal. Hep. B rates were from National Immunization Survey. FACTS • There is no CDC data on the autism rate after thimerosal removal. • Hepatitis B vaccine to newborn baby boys more than triples the risk of ASD. Annals of Epidemiology. • Infant male primates who received one dose of the Hepatitis-B were far more likely to display developmental delays than unvaccinated controls. Neurotoxicology. • Boys getting the 3 -shot Hep. B vaccine series were eight times more likely to require early intervention services than boys who did not have the series. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. • Children who received the Hepatitis B vaccine series were 50% to 74% more likely to develop "central nervous system inflammatory demyelination" than children who did not receive the vaccine depending on the vaccine manufacturer. Neurology.

SPECIAL REPORT: AUTISM AND VACCINES AROUND THE WORLD: Vaccine Schedules, Autism Rates, and Under 5 Mortality Generation Rescue, Inc. April 2009 The United States has the highest number of mandated vaccines for children under 5 in the world (36, double the Western world average of 18), the highest autism rate in the world (1 in 150 children, 10 times or more the rate of some other Western countries), but only places 34 th in the world for its children under 5 mortality rate. What’s going on? Context: There is an intense debate over the correlation between rising autism prevalence and the United States vaccine schedule. The vaccine schedule for children aged 5 and under has nearly tripled in 25 years. In 1983, the Centers for Disease Control recommended 10 vaccines for this age group. Today, the recommendation is 36 vaccines. Calls by advocacy organizations for a “safer and leaner vaccine schedule” have been dismissed, with health authorities implying that mortality rates from childhood diseases would materially increase. Objective: To compare vaccine schedules, autism rates, and under 5 mortality rates of the United States to other countries to see if any differences emerge. Design: A full publication and literature review was completed to determine vaccine schedules and under 5 mortality rates for 30 countries, including the United States. The 29 other countries all had lower (better) under 5 mortality rates than the U. S. Additionally, autism rates were compared for certain countries with reliable, published autism prevalence data. Results: The United States mandates the most vaccines in the Western world (36), double the average of the 30 countries studied (18). All countries with lower vaccine mandates have better under 5 mortality rates and many have materially lower autism rates. Conclusions: The analysis lends credibility to the relationship between vaccines and autism and challenges the public view of both the Centers for Disease Control and American Academy of Pediatrics that more vaccines is always positive for public health.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: cause or effect? Palmieri L, Persico AM. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, Bari, Italy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 May 1. [Epub ahead of print] http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/20441769 Autism Spectrum Disorders encompass severe developmental disorders characterized by variable degrees of impairment in language, communication and social skills, as well as by repetitive and stereotypic patterns of behaviour. Substantial percentages of autistic patients display peripheral markers of mitochondrial energy metabolism dysfunction, such as (a) elevated lactate, pyruvate, and alanine levels in blood, urine and/or cerebrospinal fluid, (b) serum carnitine deficiency, and/or (c) enhanced oxidative stress. These biochemical abnormalities are accompanied by highly heterogeneous clinical presentations, which generally (but by no means always) encompass neurological and systemic symptoms relatively unusual in idiopathic autistic disorder. In some patients, these abnormalities have been successfully explained by the presence of specific mutations or rearrangements in their mitochondrial or nuclear DNA. However, in the majority of cases, abnormal energy metabolism cannot be immediately linked to specific genetic or genomic defects. Recent evidence from post-mortem studies of autistic brains points toward abnormalities in mitochondrial function as possible downstream consequences of dysreactive immunity and altered calcium (Ca 2+) signalling.

Biochemical and molecular basis of thimerosal-induced apoptosis in T cells: a major role of mitochondrial pathway. Makani S, Gollapudi S, Yel L, Chiplunkar S, Gupta S. Genes Immun. 2002 Aug; 3(5): 2708. Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratories, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA. Abstract The major source of thimerosal (ethyl mercury thiosalicylate) exposure is childhood vaccines. It is believed that the children are exposed to significant accumulative dosage of thimerosal during the first 2 years of life via immunization. Because of health-related concerns for exposure to mercury, we examined the effects of thimerosal on the biochemical and molecular steps of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. Thimerosal and not thiosalcylic acid (non-mercury component of thimerosal), in a concentration-dependent manner, induced apoptosis in T cells as determined by TUNEL and propidium iodide assays, suggesting a role of mercury in T cell apoptosis. Apoptosis was associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, but not of caspase-8. In addition, thimerosal in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited the expression of XIAP, c. IAP-1 but did not influence c. IAP-2 expression. Furthermore, thimerosal enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species and reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH). Finally, exogenous glutathione protected T cells from thimerosal-induced apoptosis by upregulation of XIAP and c. IAP 1 and by inhibiting activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. These data suggest that thimerosal induces apoptosis in T cells via mitochondrial pathway by inducing oxidative stress and depletion of GSH. PMID: 12140745 [Pub. Med - indexed for MEDLINE]

Thimerosal induces neuronal cell apoptosis by causing cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release from mitochondria. Yel L, Brown LE, Su K, Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Int J Mol Med. 2005 Dec; 16(6): 971 -7. Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. lyel@uci. edu Abstract There is a worldwide increasing concern over the neurological risks of thimerosal (ethylmercury thiosalicylate) which is an organic mercury compound that is commonly used as an antimicrobial preservative. In this study, we show that thimerosal, at nanomolar concentrations, induces neuronal cell death through the mitochondrial pathway. Thimerosal, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, decreased cell viability as assessed by calcein-ethidium staining and caused apoptosis detected by Hoechst 33258 dye. Thimerosal-induced apoptosis was associated with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane, generation of reactive oxygen species, and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to cytosol. Although thimerosal did not affect cellular expression of Bax at the protein level, we observed translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria. Finally, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were activated in the absence of caspase-8 activation. Our data suggest that thimerosal causes apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells by changing the mitochondrial microenvironment. PMID: 16273274 [Pub. Med - indexed for MEDLINE]

Mitochondrial mediated thimerosal-induced apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). Humphrey ML, Cole MP, Pendergrass JC, Kiningham KK. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Jun; 26(3): 407 -16. Department of Pharmacology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25704 -9388, USA. Abstract Environmental exposure to mercurials continues to be a public health issue due to their deleterious effects on immune, renal and neurological function. Recently the safety of thimerosal, an ethyl mercury-containing preservative used in vaccines, has been questioned due to exposure of infants during immunization. Mercurials have been reported to cause apoptosis in cultured neurons; however, the signaling pathways resulting in cell death have not been well characterized. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the mode of cell death in an in vitro model of thimerosal-induced neurotoxicity, and more specifically, to elucidate signaling pathways which might serve as pharmacological targets. Within 2 h of thimerosal exposure (5 micro. M) to the human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, morphological changes, including membrane alterations and cell shrinkage, were observed. Cell viability, assessed by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the medium, as well as the 3 -[4, 5 -dimethylthiazol-2 -yl]-2, 5 -diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, showed a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in cell survival upon thimerosal exposure. In cells treated for 24 h with thimerosal, fluorescence microscopy indicated cells undergoing both apoptosis and oncosis/necrosis. To identify the apoptotic pathway associated with thimerosal-mediated cell death, we first evaluated the mitochondrial cascade, as both inorganic and organic mercurials have been reported to accumulate in the organelle. Cytochrome c was shown to leak from the mitochondria, followed by caspase 9 cleavage within 8 h of treatment. In addition, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was cleaved to form a 85 k. Da fragment following maximal caspase 3 activation at 24 h. Taken together these findings suggest deleterious effects on the cytoarchitecture by thimerosal and initiation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis.

HEPATITIS B VACCINATION OF MALE NEONATES AND AUTISM CM Gallagher, MS Goodman, Graduate Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY Annals of Epidemiology Vol. 19, No. 9 ABSTRACTS (ACE) September 2009: 651– 680 p. 659 P 24 PURPOSE: Universal newborn immunization with hepatitis B vaccine was recommended in 1991; however, safety findings are mixed. The Vaccine Safety Datalink Workgroup reported no association between hepatitis B vaccination at birth and febrile episodes or neurological adverse events. Other studies found positive associations between hepatitis B vaccination and ear infection, pharyngitis, and chronic arthritis; as well as receipt of early intervention/ special education services (EIS); in probability samples of U. S. children. Children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) comprise a growing caseload for EIS. We evaluated the association between hepatitis B vaccination of male neonates and parental report of ASD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used U. S. probability samples obtained from National Health Interview Survey 1997– 2002 datasets. Logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the effect of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination on ASD risk among boys age 3– 17 years with shot records, adjusted for race, maternal education, and two-parent household. RESULTS: Boys who received the hepatitis B vaccine during the first month of life had 2. 94 greater odds for ASD (Nz 31 of 7, 486; OR Z 2. 94; p Z 0. 03; 95% CI Z 1. 10, 7. 90) compared to later- or unvaccinated boys. Non-Hispanic white boys were 61% less likely to have ASD (ORZ 0. 39; p. Z 0. 04; 95% CIZ 0. 16, 0. 94) relative to non-white boys. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that U. S. male neonates vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine had a 3 -fold greater risk of ASD; risk was greatest for non-white boys.

Enhanced toxicity for mice of pertussis vaccines when preserved with Merthiolate (aka thimerosal). Nelson, E. A. Gottshall, R. Y. Appl Microbiol. 1967 May; 15(3): 590 -3. Pertussis vaccines preserved with 0. 01% Merthiolate (thimerosal) are more toxic for mice than unpreserved vaccines prepared from the same parent concentrate and containing the same number of organisms. The toxicities of both Merthiolate (0. 01%)preserved and unpreserved vaccines increased when the number of organisms injected was increased. An increase in mortality was observed when Merthiolate (thimerosal) was injected separately, before or after an unpreserved saline suspension of pertussis vaccine.

THE END • I AM NOT ANTI-VACCINE. I AM VERY PRO-VACCINES THAT ARE PROVEN TO WORK ON HUMANS. • I AM AGAINST MANDATING VACCINES THAT HAVE NOT BEEN SHOWN TO BE SAFE AND EFFICACIOUS. • I AM AGAINST THE USE OF VACCINES THAT HAVE BEEN STUDIED AND SHOWN NOT TO BE EFFECTIVE. • YOU CANNOT HAVE A SINGLE AGENCY BE IN CHARGE OF BOTH COMPLIANCE AND SAFETY AND HAVE A QUALITY VACCINE PROGRAM. • I FEEL A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE SHOULD BE FORMED TO INVESTIGATE CDC-VACCINE INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIPS.

Measles (England & Wales) shows that in England Wales the annual death rate of children (under age 15) from measles declined from over 1, 100 per million in the mid-nineteenth century, to a level of virtually 0, by the mid 1960's. UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION Medical Miracle or Masterful Mirage By Dr. Raymond Obomsawin

Measles vaccine 1968

The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the United States in the Twentieth Century John B. Mc. Kinlay; Sonja M. Mc. Kinlay, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, Vol. 55, No. 3. (Summer, 1977), pp. 405 -428.

DECLINE IN DEATH RATES FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASE---AUSTRALIA taken from Greg Beattie's excellent book "Vaccination A Parent's Dilemma"

DATA FROM THE USA Data & graphs supplied by Roman Bystrianyk

Hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood Yann Mikaeloff, MD, Ph. D, Guillaume Caridade, MSc, Samy Suissa, Ph. D and Marc Tardieu, MD, Ph. D NEUROLOGY 2009; 72: 873 -880. Background: The risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination associated with hepatitis B (HB) vaccine is debated, with studies reporting conflicting findings. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study where the cases were children with a first episode of acute CNS inflammatory demyelination in France (1994– 2003). Each case was matched on age, sex, and geographic location to up to 12 controls, randomly selected from the general population. Information on vaccinations was confirmed by a copy of the vaccination certificate. The odds ratios (ORs) of CNS inflammatory demyelination associated with HB vaccination were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: The rates of HB vaccination in the 3 years before the index date were 24. 4% for the 349 cases and 27. 3% for their 2, 941 matched controls. HB vaccination within this period was not associated with an increase in the rate of CNS inflammatory demyelination (adjusted OR, 0. 74; 0. 54 – 1. 02), neither >3 years nor as a function of the number of injections or brand type. When the analysis was restricted to subjects compliant with vaccination, HB vaccine exposure >3 years before index date was associated with an increased trend (1. 50; 0. 93– 2. 43), essentially from the Engerix B vaccine (1. 74; 1. 03– 2. 95). The OR was particularly elevated for this brand in patients with confirmed multiple sclerosis (2. 77; 1. 23– 6. 24). Conclusions: Hepatitis B vaccination does not generally increase the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood. However, the Engerix B vaccine appears to increase this risk, particularly for confirmed multiple sclerosis, in the longer term. Our results require confirmation in future studies. ADEM = acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; BCG = Bacille Calmette–Guèrin; HB = hepatitis B; MS = multiple sclerosis; OR = odds ratio.