ARCH 222 Presentation REYNER BANHAM from The New

ARCH 222 Presentation REYNER BANHAM from “The New Brutalism” (1955)

CONTEXT • The New Brutalism by Reyner Banham • What is the Brutalism? • Characteristics of brutalism • Leading Brutalism I. Le Corbusier • Mies Van Der Rohe II. Peter & Alison Smithson III. Paul Rudolph IV. Louis Kahn • Critism

PETER REYNER BANHAM • He (2 March 1922 – 19 March 1988) was one of the most influential writers on architecture, design, and popular culture from the mid 1950 s to the late 1980 s.

BRUTALISM Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950 s to the 1970 s. Brutalist building typically contains poured concrete, and also include brick, glass and steel.

Banham defined Brutalist buildings as being 1. Formal legibility of a plan 2. Clear exhibition of Structure 3. Valuation of Materials ‘as found. Boston City Hall The term “Brutalism” derived from the French phrase “buton brute” which a phrase Used by Le Corbusier. J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D. C. Orange County Government Center Paul Rudolph

CHARACTERISTICS Characteristics of Brutalism • Form follow function. • Rough and unfinished surface. • Precast concrete construction. • Low cost construction. • Quickly and economically constructed. • Massive shapes and sculptures. • Brick work and stone.

Leading Brutalist Architects associated with the brutalist style include; • Le Corbusier • Peter & Alison Smithson • Paul Radolph • Louis Kahn Team X (10) Team X", was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9 th Congress of C. I. A. M Two different movements emerged from Team 10: the New Brutalism of the English members and the Structuralism of the Dutch members.

LE CORBUSIER • He was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. • He was born in Switzerland became a French citizen in 1930.

Unite d‘Habitation • The building is constructed in beton brut ( rough- cast concrete) • Unite d'habitation (Housing Unit) is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier.

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago Widely regarded as Mies van der Rohe's masterpiece, Crown Hall, completed in 1956 Basic steel and glass construction style

PETER AND ALISON SMıTHSON English architects Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the New Brutalism.

Secondary School in Hunstanton

Robin Hood Gardens is a residential estate in Poplar, London designed in the late 1960 s by architects Alison and Peter Smithson. Highly visible examples of Brutalist architecture. “streets in the sky”

PAUL RUDOLPH • Paul Marvin Rudolph was born October 23, 1918 in Elkton, Kentucky. • He was an American architect. • He was known for his contributions to modernism throughout the latter half of the 20 th century.

Art and Architecture Building, Yale University • Completed in 1963 • Concrete and glass

LOUIS KAHN • Louis Isadore Kahn was born in 1901. • The American architect Louis Kahn (19011974) is regarded as one of the great master builders of the twentieth century

Yale University Art Gallery, in New Haven In this structure, Kahn typically tended toward heavily textured brick and bare concrete, which he wonderfully juxtaposes against more refined and pristine surfaces, like the large glass windows of this building beautifully lined by steel.

JATIYO SANGSHAD BHABAN ( National Parliament House) • Large areas of blank wall. • Reinforced concrete structures. • Strong bold shapes.

Critism of the Brutalism • Much of the criticism comes not only from the designs of the buildings, but also from the fact that concrete façades do not age well in damp, cloudy maritime climates such as those of northwestern Europe. • In these climates, the concrete becomes streaked with water stains and sometimes with moss and lichens, and rust leaches from the steel reinforcing bars.

Thank you…: )