Arabian Peninsula Mecca the Holiest city in Islam

Arabian Peninsula

Mecca… the Holiest city in Islam

Bedouins

Orphaned

Mount Hira

Jibril

Qur'an

Khadijah

PROPHETS Muslims believe that ___________, ABRAHAM __________, and MOSES _________ JESUS were all prophets of _________ ALLAH (The _________ word for _____), ARABIC GOD but that _________ MUHAMMAD is the final prophet sent by God to deliver his message to ________. MANKIND

The HIJRAH

Medina… The City of the Prophet

Muslim - One who submits

Return to Mecca

Ka’bah

From HEAVEN… To ADAM…To IBRAHIM The Ka’bba, containing the black stone, a Muslim relic venerated as part of the Mecca Pilgrimage. Probably a meteoric rock, much damaged and repaired throughout Muslim history. Traditions include: (1) it was dropped by an angel; (2) dates from the time of Adam and Eve; (3) has the power of absorbing sin; (4) veneration by kissing is "not idolatry".

The Five Pillars of Islam profession of faith �Recite the ___________ Mecca �Pray 5 times a day facing ____ �Give ______ alms to the poor �Fast during the holy month of ______ (pass on eating) Ramadan hajj �Complete ____ to Mecca (Ka’bah)

Remembering the Five Pillars of Islam THE 5 P’s 1. Profess 2. Pray 3. Poor 4. Pass 5. Pilgrimage

Recite the profession of faith �There is only one God, Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet. (Shahadah)

Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca is the holy city of Islam. Location of the Ka’bah

Give alms to the poor 2. 5% Give food, clothing, money, or assistance to the poor. The Qu’ran

Fast during the holy month of Ramadan Go without food or drink from first light to sunset. This is the most sacred time in Islam, and is when the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril) gave God’s message to Mohammed. Ramadan is the 9 th Month of the Islamic Calendar.

Hajj A pilgrimage to Mecca is to be completed by all Muslims who can afford it, and if they are healthy enough to travel. While there, they are to visit the Ka’bah.

Sharia The holy Islamic laws that govern the Ummah are called Sharia (or Shara’ a). Living under these laws are the goal of all fundamentalist Muslims in the Ummah (Extended Muslim community). Anyone who rejects Allah, denies Islamic teaching, and resists the Muslim world is a kafir (rejecter). Anyone who does not believe in the God of Abraham is an infidel. The kafir are subject to jihad, or the striving which is to relieve oppression of Muslim peoples, or to convert the rejecter into a submitter. Once all have submitted the world will live in peace and harmony under Sharia.

The 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs 632 In _____, Muhammad died without naming a successor. A _______ of the Prophet’s followers council Abu Bakr met and selected _______ caliph. The caliph was spiritual and political leaders of the ummah _____, or Muslim community. The debate over who will be the successor to the Prophet _____ created a _______ in Islam. The schism Sun’ni and Sh’ia emerge as rivals. Sufis and other small splinter groups will also emerge.

Sunni and Shi’ah Split Reason: Debate over who would succeed the Prophet as the leader of the Ummah �SUNNI �Believed the best Muslim should lead � Believed in a democratic process to provide secular and religious authorities �Caliphs � Secular Authority �Quran � Basis for government Majority of Muslims �Modern nations of: � Saudi Arabia � Palestine �Shi’ah �Descendants of Ali � Hereditary rulers �Imams � Religious and Secular authority �Quran � Basis for government � Modern nations: � Iran (Theocracy) � Southern Iraq

Current Breakdown of the Schism

Arabia United At his death, Muhammad had left behind an Arabia ______ substantially united by its Islam newfound belief in _______. People were drawn to the strength and _______ of this new unity faith empire of ______.

Trade Routes At first Islam spread along the trade routes Mecca Medina that grew out from _______ and _____.

Islamic Growth Soon the empire, the faith, and the Arabic ______ language grew out in every direction, despite the barriers created by mountains, deserts, and great distance. This diffusion bound the people together, increased trade, and encouraged the _________ of information. exchange

Islamic Growth Muhammad had forbade Muslims from fighting other Muslims, so they turned to their weak Persian neighbors the _____and the Byzantine Empires _______. By 651, the Arabs had conquered the Persian Empire and, by the 690 s, most of the Byzantine Empire (Not _________ though. That’s Constantinople still got another 750 years of impregnability).

Islamic Growth conquests The _________ of these kingdoms not only provided the Muslim Empire land, but allowed The political unity of Fertile Crescent Iraq _________, ______, and the Islamic Empire was Asia Central ____. Arabs attacked their neighbors and short-lived… Empire of created a vast empire, the _______ Islam ________ to spread all throughout the Islam _______, eventually stretching from Spain to India. The speed of the growth was astonishing.

Two examples of this are the cities of Jerusalem ___________ and Damascus __________ that were taken from the Byzantine Empire by conquest.

JERUSALEM

Jerusalem ___________ is a city that is holy to ________, __________, and Judaism Christianity ISLAM ___________. The Muslims allowed JEWS ________ to return to their holiest city after having been banned by the Byzantine Christians. Under early Muslim rule over CHURCH Jerusalem you could find a ________, a _________, and a _________ SYNAGOGUE MOSQUE on the same street.

Jerusalem ___________ is also the site DOME OF THE ROCK of the ______ _____, which is one of the most important mosques ___________ in Islam. It is also the oldest example of Islamic architecture ________ and a perfectly realized example of the MOSAIC _________ art that is typical of monumental Islamic buildings.

Typifies the Islamic use of Mosaics

Muhammad's Ascension to Heaven

The Dome of the Rock

Damascus- Saint Johns Damascus became the capital of the Islamic Empire. From this seat of power the Caliphate (government) directed the armies that stretched the empire from Spain to India.

Damascus

Shrine to Imam Husayn ibn Ali

The Mamluk Palace in Damascus

Battle of Tours Between 711 and 716, Arabs and North African Muslims conquered most of Spain, leaving only a few small Christian kingdoms in the mountains. In the early 8 th century Muslim armies conquered parts of southern France, but under the leadership of Charles Martel the Franks defeated an Arab army at the Battle of Tours in 732 ending Islamic expansion into Europe.

Cordoba, Spain

Cordoba, Spain Cordoba was the enlightened ornament of the world. People debated Greek philosophy, discussed Indian mathematics, ate off of Chinese porcelain, and prayed to their God on the edges of a Christian Kingdom shrouded in darkness.

The Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain

Baghdad Later the Islamic capital would be moved to Baghdad ___________.

Baghdad would become a center for learning cultural ____________. Many __________ achievements and contributions came from the many universities ______________ in the city. One such place was called the House of Wisdom ______________.

Baghdad's House of Wisdom

Baghdad This was a direct result translate Greek __________ ancient _______ texts of Muhammad’s love of Arabic into __________. The work of the education and higher Muslim scholars ________________ helped preserve learning. Here scholars from all over the world would ancient knowledge.

Aristotle Translated into Arabic

Islamic Advances 0 9 numerals Arabic __________ (___ through ___) were India adapted from _____.

Al-Jabr Algebra ________ was invented.

Islamic Advances Calligraphy art _________ was a writing form and an ____.

Islamic Advances medicine Advances were made in ________.

Islamic Achievements Islamic expansion also increased knowledge of geography astronomy __________ and __________.

Astronomy

Islamic Advances "Praise to Allah , who has guided us to this; and we would never have been guided if Allah had not guided us. Certainly the messengers of our Lord had come with the truth. ”

Advancements �Canons of Medicine: Al-Razi �Al-Gebra: brings together the unknowns to match a known quantity �Extensive and beautiful use of Mosaics �Arabic Alphabet - ﻧﺎﻓﻊ , ﻧﺎﻓﻊ – Qu’ ran (Koran) �Founding of Universities �Translation of many ancient texts into Arabic �Expanded Understanding of Astronomy �Expanded Understanding of Geography- Massive expansion despite deserts, mountains, and distance. (This was facilitated by the weak Persians and Byzantines)