Arabian peninsula is shaped by Bedouin culture which

�Arabian peninsula is shaped by Bedouin culture, which emphasized: Desert & Town The Pre-Islamic Arabic World ◦ Kin-related clans which formed larger tribes led by shaykhs ◦ Interclan rivalry for resources ◦ Women playing key roles and enjoying greater relative freedom ◦ A religion that blends animism and polytheism

�Arabian peninsula lies on the periphery of the classical world �Bedouins live by herding; cities develop further south (Mecca and Medina) �Fierce competition and battles over oases and trade routes Towns & Trade

� 7 th century C. E. , a new religion arose in the Arabian peninsula. �Built on the revelations received by the prophet Muhammad, Islam won over many camelherding tribes of the peninsula within decades. �Islam united Arabs under an important ethical system. �Islam’s beliefs and practices (including the five pillars) eventually made it one of the great world religions. Muhammad and the Birth of Islam

The archangel Gabriel brings the word of God to Muhammad. (Turkish poet - Siyer-i Nebi: The Life of the Prophet, 1595. ) • Why are paintings like this not accepted in all Muslim societies?

The Prophet and his companions advancing on Mecca, attended by the angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail. Siyer-i Nebi: The Life of the Prophet 1595. Persecution, Flight & Victory �Muhammad gains a small following but it constantly threatened by the Umayyad �Hijra to Medina creates a loyal core and the return to Mecca makes the new faith permanent

�One god that transcends all clan rivalries �End to vendettas and feuds under the umma �An ethical system that heals social rifts �A code of law to organize society �An acceptance of the revelations in What Islam Judaism and. Offers Christianity which makes it easier for Islam to spread

The Death of Muhammad � Many bedouin reject Islam � Conflict over succession � Abu Bakr works to bring people back into the umma � Conquests into the Persian and Byzantine empires garners wealth and spreads Islam � Mourning of the Death of Muhammad Siyer-i Nebi: The Life of the Prophet. Istanbul, 1595.

EAT IT Evaluating the rise and Spread of Dar Al Islam 600 -1450 -

The Expansion of Islam http: //wpscms. pearsoncmg. com/wps/media/o bjects/3052/3125929/flash/ch 7/ch 07. swf

�A. The Arabs were located along the periphery of the Classical world trading along caravan routes, establishing lucrative trading ties to important Formerly decentralized nomadic traders

� 3. Muslim merchants would share their new religious values in caravan cities like Jerusalem, Medina and Mecca where the promise of a kingdom of paradise would appeal to traders in the bazaars Spread along trade routes

�B. The Quran is believed to be the divinely revealed word of Allah(God) to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel which enforces a moral and ethical code and defense of Islam in return for salvation (paradise) Considered by Muslims to be a primary source

� 6. . Islam meaning submission to the word of God (Allah) in Arabic provides a narrative in the Quran (Koran) which provides a the promise of something better, peaceful and a great reward in the afterlife (paradise) Unites initially all Arabs, then spreads throughout Afro Eurasia ( first Global religion)

� C. The military victories in defense of Islam (Jihad) enabled Arab cavalry to spread their faith to the converts in the Arabian Peninsula, South West Asia through Persia and into Northern Africa and Southern Spain (Iberian Peninsula) Jihad means struggle

� 2. Militarily competitive by nature, the Arabs used the conquest united in the concept of Jihad (holy struggle) to thwart off enemies along the trade routes traveled by recently converted Arab merchants. One of the many ways Islam spreads

� D. The Uma (Muslim community) unified the Arabs and provided an opportunity to seize the opportunity to command power in a vacuum once dominated by Persia and the Byzantine Empire Unifies providing common identity

� 5. The formerly decentralized Arab Bedouins (nomads of the Arabian desert) felt a sense of belonging, community and no longer had to fight amongst themselves over scarce resources as they had a new monotheistic identity 5 pillars, Koran, Umma, Sharia

�E. The caliph (successor to Muhammad) established a theocracy where laws (Sharia) and governance provide regulations between Muslims and non. Muslims Islam fulfills all political, economic and cultural regulations

� 1. Islam provided the proper governance including successor ship, laws between individuals and tolerance of “people of the book “ called dhimmi provided to Jews and Christians in their empire Helped to create a tolerant society

� F. Al-Baladhuri identifies that the Hims (Syrian non-Muslims) liked the rule of the Muslims over that of the Byzantine and helped defeat the Byzantine by closing the gates of the city only to come out later to pay the Jizya(land tax paid by non-Muslims) � Why many people will convert (its easy)

� 4. Islam is has all of the governing qualities of an Empire but preaches tolerance and regulates relationships from trade to disputes and appealed to people around the Mediterrean in opposition to intolerant empires like the Byzantine Tolerance is a plus

From 600 -1450 Dar al Islam spread across trade routes uniting all Arabs under the banner of islam, the Sharia and the Caliphate, provided a regulation of trade as it spread across overland maritime routes and providing a sense of community (Umma) providing ethical guidance through the 5 pillars and the Islamic Justice system ( Ulema and Quadis)

https: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=TMMNn. KUTd. Z 0

� � � Conflict over successors leads to split, which remains to this day Umayyad settle internal disputes and pushed forward into central Asia, northwest India, and southwestern Europe. built an imperial administration with both bureaucracy and military dominated by a Muslim Arab elite. Sunnis believe the successor to Muhammad (caliph)should be chosen by Muslim community Shiites believe that only direct descendants should succeed Muhammad Sufis were missionaries who sought to communicate through rituals, poetry and meditation Umayyad Rule and the Sunni-Shi’a Split

Converts and “People of the Book. ” Umayyad policy did not prevent interaction, intermarriage, and conversion between Arabs and their subjects. Most of the conquered peoples were Dhimmis (people of the book). Included Jews and Christians; later Zoroastrians and Hindus. Dhimmis had to pay taxes (jizya) but could retain their own religious and social organization. Sharia- provide laws for everyone to live by (Qadis-judges)(Ulema- jurists)

Family and Gender Roles Altered as the Muslim community(Umma) expanded. Initially, the more favorable status of women prevailed over the seclusion and male domination common in the Middle East. � Quran stressed the moral and ethical dimensions of marriage. Adultery of both partners was denounced; female infanticide was forbidden. Women could have only one husband, but men were allowed four wives, though all had to be treated equally. � Muhammad strengthened women’s legal rights in inheritance and divorce. � Both sexes were equal before Allah �

� More synthesis � Today there are over 1, 7 billion Muslims and increasingly are growing. Indonesia is the most populous with over 40 million residing in the U. S. A. There is still great misperception about this religion often marginalized based upon the actions a a small few extremists engaging in acts that are disavowed by the majority Muslim worlds. The proxy wars in Yemen fought by Saudi and Iranian forces is a continuation of the division currently existing between Sunnis and Shiites although many historians speculate that this is a convenient excuse to take sides How does it impact the world today?