APUSH UNIT TWO Chapter 4 The Empire in

APUSH UNIT TWO Chapter 4: The Empire in Transition pp. 98 -127

LOOSENING TIES Englishmen in America thought of themselves as “free” during the early 18 th century: n Policy of “benign neglect” – control eased n Distance from Great Britain n Local Assemblies of Burgesses n Still thought of themselves as Englishmen n Believed that the benefits of being part of the British Empire outweighed the disadvantages n

A Tradition of Neglect n After the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the end of the Dominion of N. England -> for the next seventy plus years the English govt made no serious effort to tighten its control over the colonies. n More colonies became royal colonies and new laws supplemented the Navigation Acts -> overall the govt was uncertain and divided about extent of interference in the colonies

Salutary Neglect

The Colonies Dvided Royal appointments made via bribery, favoritism, cronyism n Decentralized colonial administration n Colonies were separate, sovereign entities n Albany Plan of Union, 1754 (proposed) n Benjamin Franklin supported it n Proposed to colonial assemblies n None approved it n

Albany Plan of Union - 1754

THE STRUGGLE FOR THE CONTINENT Expansion of French presence in America n French tolerated Indian way of life n Powerful Iroquois federation n French Empire in North America, conflict with English colonial Empire n French and Indian War, 1754 n Battle of Quebec – Plains of Abraham, 1759 n Wolfe and Montcalm n

New France and the Iroquois Nation

Louis XIV – The Sun King

Quebec n n 1608 Samuel de Champlain

Hurons n n Allied with French to defeat their old enemy the Iroquois In return, the Iroquois: n n n Ravaged…. Slowed. . Served…

New France n n Primary source of wealth: fur trade especially beavers French fur trappers would travel extensively through North America

Jesuits n n French Catholic missionaries that tried to convert the Indians Filled vital role as explorers & geographers

n n Antoine Cadillac founded Detroit La Salle founded the colony of Louisiana n Later New Orleans is established in 1718

Anglo-French Conflicts

The Seven Years War n n “French & Indian War” 21 yr old George Washington… Fort Necessity… July 4, 1754

French Acadians in Nova Scotia n n n Brutally uprooted by the British in 1775 Most sent to LA (about 4, 000) Today over a million “Cajuns” there

The Great War for Empire n n n French and Indian War largely a colonial conflict Modest (and inept) assistance provided by the British Local colonial forces Fort Necessity debacle (a young colonel George Washington forced to surrender to the British) William Pitt (British Secretary of State, later P. M. ) – unified military strategy for British forces British military became more effective

The Real Fighting Begins… n Braddock n Pitt

General James Wolfe (January 2, 1727 -September 13, 1759) He raised up his head Where the guns did rattle And to his aide he said, “How goes the battle? “Quebec is all our own, They can’t prevent it” He said without a groan, “I die contented”

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon Marquis de Saint-Veran (February 28, 1712 -September 14, 1759) "I am happy that I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec. ”

The Plains of Abraham…

Treaty of Paris (1763) n n n French Power fades in North America… Proclamation Line of 1763 angers many… Marks the end of salutary neglect…

THE NEW IMPERIALISM n In 1763 England -> peace for first time in fifty years, enormous debts, vast new lands in the New World -> the imperial government could not avoid expanding its involvement in its colonies

Burdens of Empire n n n Treaty of Paris (1763) ended French & Indian War France ceded most of its colonies in the New World Spain cedes Florida British Empire at peace (for a change) but saddled with huge war debts - could no longer afford “benign neglect” of the colonies Prime Minister George Grenville (1763) sought to recover war costs from colonies, pay down the debt But the colonies were reluctant to be a source of revenue (“cash cow”) for the Empire

n n n We called it the “French and Indian War” In Europe, it was called the “Seven Years War” It had been a huge expense for the British Empire, huge debt incurred Parliament’s view: colonists should pay for the expense of defending their side of the ocean against the French Colonists’ view: the war was England’s war; we volunteered our men to fight it over here. We’re not going to pay for it, too n n Warning signs Colonial assemblies petitioned the King Colonists believed that local taxes should be administered by local authorities Colonists were mostly unsuccessful with peaceful petitioning and negotiating, but the stage was set

Prime Minister George Grenville n Britain: Biggest Empire and Biggest Debt n n n Proclamation Line (1763) Enforce Navigation Laws Sugar Act (1764) Quartering Act (1765) Stamp Act (1765)

The British and the Tribes n n n Britain “apologizes” to the Indians “Temporarily” forbids English colonial expansion beyond the Appalachian Mountains Advantageous to the British but resisted by the colonists Failed to stop westward expansion and settlement Agreements with the Indians made, broken, made, broken again

Pontiac’s Rebellion n 1763 Ottawa Chief leads a handful of tribes… British send regular troops (want colonies to pay for them)…. Rebellion crushed but creates further problems…

The Colonial Response n n n To aid in enforcing their new rules. . . British to keep 10, 000 British troops in the colonies Quartering Act 1764 Not much different from earlier acts of Parliament But this time (after 1763), they were strongly enforced n British sought to strengthen its control and authority in the colonies, increase revenue, recover costs of war n Sugar Act (1764) Currency Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) n n

British removed appropriation of funds for local government from local control n British started enforcing the Navigation Acts n Taxes raised on items Americans have to import from Britain, and enforced this time n Much resented by colonists n British were soon collecting ten times more tax revenue from the colonies than before n

Colonial Reaction

Paxton Boys and Regulators n Colonists had trouble effectively resisting London -> b/c of conflict amongst themselves, tension over “backcountry” settlers -> ex. band of people from west Penn. known as the “Paxton Boys” descend on Phila. -> demand relief from colonial taxes and more money for Indian defense n 1771 small-scale civil war after Regulators (farmers from the upcountry) in NC ->opposed high taxes collected by sheriffs appointed by governor collected + felt underrepresented. Revolt was suppressed by governor

STIRRINGS OF REVOLT n a) b) By the mid 1760’s -> positions on both side began to harden Colonies wanted protection of their political autonomy Britain wanted to tighten imperial admin and gain more revenue from colonies

The Stamp Act Crisis 1765: Virginian Patrick Henry introduced a resolution against the Stamp Act (“If this be treason, let us make the most of it!”) n 1765, nine colonies sent delegates to Stamp Act Congress (in 18 th century, “congress” just meant “meeting”) n Their argument: as Englishmen, we cannot be taxed without our consent n

Stamp Act Congress 1765 n n Largely Ignored but… Nonimportation Agreements & Boycotts took their toll…

Colonists resented the taxes, but found resistance difficult n Boycotts n Riots n Popular unrest n “Sons of Liberty” (1765) formed to unite colonists against taxes n Some protests turn violent n

n n n Stamp Act Congress was a meeting, NOT a government First example of colonial representatives working together to solve a problem Formal complaint to Britain, boycott of British goods Stamp Act repealed by popular pressure from British merchants hurt by the boycott Prime Minister Grenville fired by the King But the fact that England “backed down” emboldened the colonials

n n n Sons of Liberty… 1766 Parliament repeals the Stamp Act. . Passes the Declaratory Act

Declaratory Act of 1766 n n n Stamp Act Congress was a meeting, NOT a government First example of colonial representatives working together to solve a problem Formal complaint to Britain, boycott of British goods Stamp Act repealed by popular pressure from British merchants hurt by the boycott Prime Minister Grenville fired by the King But the fact that England “backed down” emboldened the colonials

Charles Townshend becomes Prime Minister (1770) n New taxes on items imported into the colonies from Britain n New penalties for attempting to import from other countries n Violators tried in Britain – not locally n

The Townshend Program n Townshend Acts (1767) indirect tax on glass, paper, paint & tea….

Slow complaints at first from the colonies n “Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer” (by John Dickinson) re-stated objections as violations of natural law and natural rights n 1768, Sam Adams’ Massachusetts Circular Letter urged each colony to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts n

Townshend clamps down Townshend reacted quickly, and harshly: n Withdraw the petition or risk having your Houses of Burgesses closed n Increase troop presence in each colony n Send spies to entrap smugglers n General harassment of colonists n

Lord North, Taxes Eased n n George III -> “A good man, a bad ruler” -> replaced Townshend with Lord North All taxes repealed EXCEPT a token 3% tax on tea Colonists had ways of avoiding this tax, too British stepped up their antismuggling patrols King George III

The Boston Massacre Petty violence by colonists against British by 1770 n Boycotting (“non-importation, ” in colonists’ vocabulary) of British goods hurt British economy n “Boston Massacre, ” 1770 n Five people killed - Crispus Attucks n “Innocent Blood Crying from the Streets of Boston” n

Crispus Attucks (c. 1723 -March 5, 1770)

Samuel Adams n n “Zealous, tenacious, and courageous” he was a “master propagandist and engineer of rebellion” Organized the Committees of Correspondence…

The Philosophy of Revolt n n n 18 th century known for new writings on “Natural Law, ” and “Rights of Man” John Locke, tyranny, “Philosophy of Revolt” Scots, Puritans, British opposition radicals London’s view: rights apply first to Englishmen living in England, secondarily to colonists Colonists view: we are Englishmen, too, and entitled to the rights of Englishmen!

The Tea Excitement Rhode Island colonists burned British customs ship Gaspee, which had been far too successful in catching smugglers. n British soldiers never arrested responsible parties. n Parliament passed Tea Act in 1773 n Eliminates colonial middlemen (and their profits) from the tea trade n

n n Colonial leaders’ approach: fight the new law however possible: Don’t buy British tea Smuggle when possible Don’t allow British ships to dock

The Boston Tea Party n n n Boston Tea Party An “act of war, ” or petty vandalism? No suspects arrested by Britain; no trail of clues Many Americans abhorred the “tea excitement” But most abhorred British coercion even more British response: coercion

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) 1774 n n n The Coercive Acts (1774) Boston Harbor closed indefinitely (until someone comes forward with names of culprits) Colonial legislatures closed, all colonies held collectively responsible Royal governor’s power increased All colonial crimes tried in Britain, not locally Quartering Act strengthened

Coercive Acts, 1774 Britain feared a surprise attack by Indian tribes n Passed Quebec Act (not directly related to the Boston troubles, though it seemed to be) n NO colonist shall attempt to move into Canada n Colonists had their own name for the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act: n “INTOLERABLE ACTS” n

COOPERATION AND WAR Britain’s view: criminal actions forfeit your “natural rights” n Colonists’ view: don’t call us Englishmen unless you will treat us with all the rights given to Englishmen in England n Samuel Adams stirred up public outrage, helped form a Committee of Correspondence n

New Sources of Authority

st 1 Continental Congress - 1774 n n “First Continental Congress” (Fall 1774), delegates from all the colonies NOT A GOVERNMENT – just a meeting at which a course of action could be planned Agreed to re-state their objections to Britain “as loyal Englishmen” Rejected a proposal to join all 13 into a union, seeking a new kind of relationship with Britain

Edmund Burke n Led Whig opposition…felt the battle for British freedom was being fought in America…

Loyalists and Patriots n n First Continental Congress to meet again in Spring 1775, assess situation A hot political issue, with many points of view: LOYALISTS – believed Britain couldn’t mean any harm to Englishmen, stressed importance of obedience to English law (also called “TORIES”) PATRIOTS – believed union and independence were the only solution to the problem of guaranteed rights

Moderates Wait and See n n MODERATES (most common view in 1775): wait and see what happens, Loyalist and Patriot views are both too extreme for safety British actions in 1775 and 1776 pushed many Moderates into the Patriot column Taverns were a hotbed of political/revolutionary discussion Alcohol flowed freely, intoxication common in colonies at the time

April 1775 Lexington & Concord n n Minute Men… 8 Americans – 70 British killed…

Lexington and Concord - “Shots Heard Round the World” n n British General Gage in charge of all British troops in the colonies Rumors of a planned colonial uprising (“Minute Men”) “Rude rabble without a plan” Gage determined to findand-destroy, demonstrate British force to any who were thinking of rebellion n n April 1775, Gage led a show of force through Massachusetts Rumors preceded him; encounter with “Minute Men” in Lexington and Concord “Shot Heard ‘Round the World” By day’s end: 1000+ British dead, Gage’s army forced into retreat.

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

Revolution Begins n At the end of the first day, Britain had suffered twice as many casualties as the colonists n The Revolution was on

Samuel Adams (1722 -1803) “If ye love wealth better than liberty, the tranquility of servitude better than the animating contest of freedom, go home from us in peace. We ask not your counsel or your arms. Crouch down and lick the hands of those who feed you. May your chains set lightly upon you. May posterity forget that ye were our countrymen. ”