APUSH Lecture 1 B covers Ch 1 Mrs

APUSH: Lecture 1 B (covers Ch. 1) Mrs. Kray Some slides taken from Susan Pojer at www. historyteacher. net

What were the causes and significance of Bacon’s Rebellion? What conditions in the Mass. Bay Colony spawned dissenters like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? How did Mass. Bay deal with dissenters? What were some of the early economic, religious, and political factors in the colonies that tended to produce sectional differences?

Corporate üOperated by jointstock companies üExample: Proprietary Royal üUnder the ü Under the authority of direct individuals authority & granted rule of the charters of king ownership by Jamestown üExample: in the early Virginia years after 1624 the king ü Example: Maryland & Pennsylvania

1606 – Virginia Company founded – Joint stock company 1607 – Jamestown established – First permanent English settlement

High mortality rate – 1609 -10 = The Starving Time Poor location - swampy Diseases – malaria Indian attacks – Jamestown settlement in Powhatan Indian territory Own mistakes – Most settlers were younger sons of noble men; few useful skills, spent early months hunting for gold

“If you do not work, you will not eat. ”

1618 — Virginia produces 20, 000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one -third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60, 000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500, 000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1, 500, 000 pounds of tobacco.

1608 -1613: 1 st Anglo. Powhatan War – Conflict ended with Pocahontas’ marriage to John Rolfe 1622: Jamestown Massacre – 2 nd Anglo-Powhatan War – Virginia Company goes bankrupt, Jamestown becomes a royal colony 1644: Indian attack – Powhatan tribe again tried to expel English – 3 rd Anglo-Powhatan War

All of the following helped Virginia achieve most success as a colony: – Institution of private property – Assaults on Indians – Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco and other cash crops – Influx of skilled workers and indentured servants through the Headright System – Political participation in the Virginia House of Burgesses – Introduction of African labor

George Calvert, friend of English king, wanted to create haven for Catholics Son, Cecil Calvert actually founds MD as proprietary colony Many wealthy English Catholics emigrated But, 1640 s Protestant farmers outnumber Catholics

Fear of Protestant Majority Cecil Calvert gets the assembly to pass 1 st colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians Late 1600 s Protestant revolt repealed act – Catholics lose voting rights

Causes: – Unhealthy climate, high mortality rate due to disease and Indian attacks, gender imbalance Problem: – Tobacco is a labor intensive crop Solution: – Indentured servitude – Headright System: granted 50 acres to any immigrant who pays his own passage or to any plantation owner who pays an immigrants passage

1660 s low tobacco prices caused by overproduction House of Burgesses tried to raise tobacco prices London merchants retaliated by raising their own prices on goods exported to VA – Needs of motherland supersede needs of colony

Gov. William Berkeley Nathaniel Bacon Berkley adopted policies that favored the large eastern planters and used dictatorial powers to govern This antagonized western backwoods farmers like Bacon who felt the governor was not protecting their interests (wanted protection from Indian attacks)

Bacon raised an army & attacked Indians – Defeated government’s forces and burned Jamestown; Bacon fell ill and died; rebellion collapsed Very significant event – Early example of colonial resistance to royal authority – Highlighted sharp class differences between eastern elites and western farmers – Turned elites against indentured servitude

Pilgrims were Separatist Puritan dissenters from the Church of England Established colony at Plymouth Mayflower Compact, 1620 – Established a civil government based on majority rule – Did this b/c less than ½ of the passengers on the Mayflower were separatist Puritans

First winter 50% of colonists die – Thanksgiving Massachusetts Indians more willing to accept European settlement than Powhatans – Why? b/c disease had already weakened them – Squanto and Samoset Survived b/c of strong leadership and belief they were fulfilling God’s will – Miles Standish and Gov. William Bradford Fish, fur, and lumber become mainstays

Non-Separatist Puritans 1629: Mass. Bay Colony is granted royal charter – John Winthrop and his “city upon a hill” Theocracy established, only male church members could vote 1630: 1, 000 colonists arrive

Unlike Chesapeake colonies, Mass. Bay experienced rapid growth & prosperity, why? Strong sense of community – Puritan villages regulated their own affairs Continuing influx of immigrants – Great Puritan Migration brings an additional 15, 000 Aid from friendly Indians and Pilgrims Strong sense of religious purpose – Predestination & “City Upon a Hill”

Puritans intolerant on religious issues Roger Williams, 1635 – Called for separation of church and state & religious toleration – Banished to Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson, 1637 – Antinomianism: conversion experience required to be one of the elect, good works alone not enough to prove sainthood – Challenged traditional gender roles – She was banished Her supporters founded New Hampshire

1636 – Rev. Thomas Hooker led a large group of Boston Puritans west and founded Hartford Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – 1 st written constitution in our history – Est. representative gov’t – Governor chosen by legislature

2 nd generation Puritans seemed less committed to religious faith and more interested in material success How will the Church remain strong? – Halfway Covenant Sign that strict Puritan practices were weakening

Initially Puritan relations with natives were good – Natives in weaker position that southern Indians, assisted Puritans with farming techniques and introduced them to new crops (corn, beans, pumpkins, potatoes) Mid-1600 s relationship changes – Constant Puritan movement inland – Puritans’ increasingly critical view of the natives as ungodly

Started over competition for land power Mystic Massacre, 1637 – Puritans massacred men, women, and children in Pequot village – Broke the back of Pequot resistance Puritans continued to hunt down & kill Pequots

1640 s NE colonists faced constant threat of attacks by Natives, the Dutch, and the French – Civil War in England meant the colonies could expect little assistance Confederation was a military alliance – Plymouth, Mass. Bay, CT, & New Haven – Est. precedent for colonies taking unified action towards a common purpose

Wampanoags and Mohawks attacked English settlers b/c of white encroachment – Natives led by Wampanoag chief Metacom New Englander’s called him King Philip NE Confederation helped put the natives down – Their defeat signaled the end of native resistance in NE

These colonies are referred to as Restoration Colonies b/c they were created during the era when Charles II was “restored” to the throne in England after the English Civil War. Charles wanted to reward his followers with proprietary colonies. King Charles II

1663: Carolina colony created 1729: separated 2 colonies – South Carolina Large plantations w/very profitable cash crops (rice & indigo), slavery common – North Carolina Smaller farms, less reliance on slavery, reputation for democratic views & autonomy from royal authority

1624: New York originally a Dutch colony called New Netherlands – Dutch West India Company granted huge tracts of land to settlers called patroonships Head of the patroonship acted like a feudal lord Commercial rivalry between England the Dutch – 1664: Charles II’s brother, James the Duke of York, sent the English navy to overthrow Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant and take control of New Amsterdam and the rest of the Dutch colony

Penn’s “Holy Experiment” – Wanted a haven for Quakers and other persecuted people Quakers rejected predestination & original sin; pacifists; gave women given equal positions in the Church Wanted to enact liberal ideas in government – Representative government – Freedom of worship for all – Opposed slavery – Even nice to Indians

Only colony to receive direct financial support from England Created to: – Serve as a buffer between profitable S. Carolina & Spanish Florida – Relieve the overcrowded jails and prisons in England

New England • Massachusetts • Rhode Island • Connecticut • New Hampshire Middle • New York* • New Jersey* • Pennsylvania* • Delaware* Southern • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina* • South Carolina* *Restoration Colony

Key Components: – – – favorable balance of trade economic self-sufficiency colonies served needs of mother country by providing raw materials & market for the mother country’s finished goods – Example of mercantilism: Navigation Acts Policy implemented after English Civil War ended but not always enforced (salutary neglect) Widely resented & resisted by colonists

1) Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried on English colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English colonial crews 2) All goods imported into the colonies, except some perishables could pass only through ports in England 3) Specified or “enumerated” goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. (Tobacco was enumerated). ACTS WERE POORLY ENFORCED FOR MANY YRS.

POSITIVE Protection from English military Colonial merchants protected from foreign competitions in the colonies Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England New England shipbuilding prospered NEGATIVE Colonial manufacturing was severely limited Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops Colonists had to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England

When James II becomes king, tried to tighten royal control over the colonies – 1686: Dominion of New England James united the New England colonies and then New York and New Jersey into one colony under Royal Governor Edmund Andros rigidly enforced Navigation Acts, very unpopular 1688: Glorious Revolution – James overthrown and replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband William Led some colonists to challenge ruling elite, but failed (Jacob Leisler, John Coode) – William and Mary sign English Bill of Rights which validated certain rights of Englishmen

What were the causes and significance of Bacon’s Rebellion? What conditions in the Mass. Bay Colony spawned dissenters like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson? How did Mass. Bay deal with dissenters? What were some of the early economic, religious, and political factors in the colonies that tended to produce sectional differences?