APUSH CHAPTER 12 The war of 1812 and

APUSH CHAPTER 12 The war of 1812 and the Push Towards Nationalism

War: On to Canada. The Three U. S. Invasions of 1812 all fail

• US Navy during the war of 1812 – US had fewer, but better ships – US had several important ships (especially the Constitution – “Old Ironsides”) with thick sides and better guns than Britain – Admiral Perry will secure control of the Great Lakes in 1813 battle on Lake Erie. “We have met the enemy and they are ours”

• In 1814 Napoleon losses in Europe thus allowing Britain to concentrate on the American War. • Britain sets up a naval blockade over the entire eastern Atlantic Coast which proves quite effective. • English forces march down from Canada to attack New York but are stopped thus preventing possible secession hoped for by Federalists

• August 1814 – British march on Washington – DC was burned (including the Capitol and the White House) – In Sept. British naval forces attack Fort Mc. Henry (Baltimore) but Americans refuse to surrender, despite heavy bombardment by British ships – During battle Francis Scott Key writes “The Star Spangled Banner” as he watches battle as prisoner on British ship

The War in 1814

• BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS CHANGES EVERYTHING – January 8, 1815 – British made mistake of a frontal assault on entrenched US troops • Lost 2, 000 men in 1/2 an hour (compared to 70 for the US) – Battle fought 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, ending the war – Effects of the battle: • Jackson became national hero • US nationalism and pride increased by victory over the British who are world’s leading power

• December 24, 1814 – Treaty of Ghent (negotiated in Belgium) – Neither side had defeated the other; neither side could impose its will on the other but agree to stop fighting – Nothing done about US grievances for which war had been fought, including: • British arming of the Indians • British violations on sea (seizing US ships, impressments of US soldiers)

• December 15, 1814 – January 5, 1815 – the Hartford Convention takes place in secret – Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont sent representatives (the last of the Federalist strongholds) – A few radicals talked of secession, but actual demands were moderate – Demands (end 3/5 ths, outlaw embargoes) sent to Washington but arrive same time as Ghent Treaty and thus go no where. – Last gasp by the Federalists

Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island Contemplate Abandoning the Union and Leaping into the Waiting Arms of George III

Results of the War of 1812 Indians are deserted by the British and forced to make peace and give up huge tracts of land north of the Ohio River – Harrison and Jackson become famous as warriors and will become Presidents – Increased nationalism and decreased sectionalism – Foreign nations begin to respect U. S.

• Continued conflict on the US-Canadian border – Canadians expected the US to attempt invasion again – Led to a small naval arms race on the Great Lakes after war – Ended with the Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) which limited naval warships on the Great Lakes – Better relations with Canada led to a long demilitarized border by 1870 s

The Birth of Nationalism America emerged from war as 1 nation and begins to develop its national culture – 1820 s – internationally recognized authors, using American settings and themes – School textbooks had been British; now they were written in America – Painters painted American landscapes

• Government and nationalism – Bank of the United States was re-chartered in 1816 (after being disbanded in 1811) – Washington, DC was rebuilt – The army was expanded to 10, 000 men – 1815 – Navy beats pirates in Mediterranean – Tariff of 1816 passed which put a 20% – 25% rate on imports – Development of American System (Henry Clay) – Transportation, Tariffs, Banking (TNT)

Erie Canal Paid for by State Funds not National Funds Finished 1825

Cumberland (National) Road and Main Connections Bring People West

• 1819 – an economic panic brought deflation, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, and debtors’ prisons (resulting in their being abolished) – First panic since Washington had taken office • Why the panic occurred – Largest cause was over speculation in land in west – The Bank of the US had helped cause this through easy lending and speculating itself

• Impact of the depression – Nationalism declined and West hurt the most • Bank of the US forced western banks (built on speculation) to pay debts owed to the Bank of the US • The West came to see the Bank of the US as evil – Poor people eventually became part of Andrew Jackson’s constituency

• The West weak politically so it had to ally itself with other sections (North and South) – Demanded cheap land, cheap transportation, cheap money – The Land Act of 1820 – authorized buying 80 acres at $1. 25 per acre ($15. 05 in 2005 dollars) – Cheap money issued by local (“wildcat”) banks; westerners fought the power of the Bank of the US for cheap money

Slavery becomes an issue • 1819 – Missouri requested admission as a slave state – North and South both had 11 states allowing for equality in the Senate • South could stop Northern effort to stop expansion of slavery (example: • Tallmadge Amendment)

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 • 3 compromises worked out (primarily by Henry Clay, representative from Kentucky) – Admit Missouri as a slave state – Maine (which had been part of Massachusetts) admitted as a free state – Slavery prohibited North of the 36° 30’ line except for Missouri

The Missouri Compromise, 1820– 1821

Marshall and Judicial Nationalism • Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) – Attempt by Maryland to tax a branch of the Bank of the US – Marshall ruled a state could not tax an agency of the federal government (the Bank) • “the power to tax involves the power to destroy” – Marshall declared bank constitutional, using the doctrine of “implied powers”

• Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – The Supreme Court upheld Cohens’ state conviction for illegal lottery ticket sales – Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving powers of federal government • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Marshall ruled only Congress could regulate interstate commerce – Struck down the New York monopoly, opening commerce to other companies

• Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – The Georgia granted 35 million acres in Mississippi area to speculators then cancelled the transaction – Marshall ruled grant was a contract and Constitution forbid state laws that would “impair” contracts • the Supreme Court has power to invalidate state laws conflicting with the Constitution • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) – College granted a charter by King George in 1769 – The New Hampshire legislature changes charter – Marshall ruled that the original charter stands because Constitution protected contracts against infringement by states

• John Marshall – Increased power of federal government – Created a stable, nationally uniform environment where business could do well – Decreased power of elected state legislatures, in spite of the national mood in favor of greater democracy

America Seeks to Expand • Treaty of 1818 with Britain – Northern limits of Louisiana Purchase set at the 49 th parallel – 10 -year joint occupation of Oregon country; under this agreement, Britain and the US did not give up their claims to Oregon – 1818 – Jackson marched into Florida on pretext of looking for slaves hidden by Indians. He then deposed the Spanish governor

• Jackson escapes punishment for disobeying orders and Spain’s weakness is revealed • The Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 – Spain ceded Florida to the US and gave up claims to Oregon – US gave up claims to Texas – The line between Mexico and Louisiana was drawn up to the 42 nd parallel, and then to the Pacific Ocean, dividing Oregon from Mexico

U. S. -British Boundary Settlement, 1818

The Southeast, 1810 -1819

The West and Northwest, 1819 -1824

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) – What Europe held in South American they could keep, but they could not take more • Also directed against Russian expansion – Non-intervention • Warned Europe to not interfere with new Latin American republics • The US would not intervene in war Greece was fighting against Turkey • Deepened the illusion of isolationism from Europe

A “Live Wire”