APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY NEUROBIOLOGICAL Biological processes influence behaviors

APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY

NEUROBIOLOGICAL Biological processes influence behaviors Genetic factors influence behaviors Brain chemistry, nervous system, and hormones Localization of Function – Phineas Gage

EVOLUTIONARY Natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes How has anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors’ genes?

PSYCHOANALTIC Psychodynamic Unconscious motives influence behavior Sexual Aggressive Past experiences/Childhood influence behavior Sigmund Freud – Defense Mechanisms Carl Jung – Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung

BEHAVIORAL Personal experiences and reinforcement guide development Environmental influences Observational learning Punishments & Rewards Stimulus & Response Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson B. F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

Little Albert Watson and Little Albert Brave New World

COGNITIVE Perceptions & Thoughts influence behavior Mental Images Information Processing Thinking & Language Memory Functioning Stroop Test

Stroop Effect Messing with your mind since 1935

Red Orange Blue Purple Orange Blue Green Purple Orange Blue Yellow Red Yellow Green Yellow Orange Green Yellow

Red Orange Blue Purple Orange Blue Green Purple Orange Blue Yellow Red Yellow Green Yellow Orange Green Yellow

Questions? Do we read words faster than we name colors? Do you think children who haven’t learned to read yet would have an easier time with this test? What about older people? What about ESL or non-native English speakers?

Conclusions? Reading is automatic… a skill we learn and becomes more and more ingrained in us as we get older. Color naming is a control process, something we must use directed attention to accomplish. Other conclusions?

HUMANISTIC People are born good with the potential for excellence People make free & conscious choices based on their experiences Carl Rogers – Self v. Ideal Self Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs (theory of motivation) = SELF-ACTUALIZATION Victor Frankl

SOCIOCULTURAL Ethnicity, Gender, Culture, Socioeconomic status create individual differences Behavior influenced by rules and expectations of societal groups

Cultural practice example: Sleeping arrangements Infants sleeping arrangements during the child’s first two years Culture (n. ): A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts, conscious and unconscious, transmitted across generations through learning.

JE: Perspectives in Psychology Out of the 6 major perspectives of psychology, which one or combination do you personally support? Justify your response with specific examples of behavior and explanations as to why you do NOT support other approaches.