Approaches to Language Testing Essaytranslation Approach 392021 Structuralist

Approaches to Language Testing Essaytranslation Approach 3/9/2021 Structuralist Approach Indawan Syahri Integrative Approach Communicative Approach 1

The Essay-translation Approach �Tests commonly referred to as the pre-scientific stage of language testing �No special skill or expertise required �Subjective judgment of the teacher is considered to be of paramount importance �Tests usually consist of essay writing, translation, and grammatical analysis �Tests also have a heavy literary and cultural biases 3/9/2021 Indawan Syahri 2

The structuralist approach �The view that language learning is chiefly concerned with the systematic acquisition of a set of habits �Tests measure separate elements of the target language, e. g. , phonology, vocabulary, grammar �Mastery of language elements is tested using words and sentences divorced from any context. �Test measure separate the skills of language, e. g. , listening, speaking, reading, writing 3/9/2021 Indawan Syahri 3

The integrative Approach �The testing of language in context and thus is concerned primarily with meaning and the total communication effect of discourse. �The tests are often designed to assess the learner’s ability to use two or more skills simultaneously. �The tests are concerned with a global view of proficiency. �The tests are best characterized by the use of Cloze testing and of Dictation. 3/9/2021 Indawan Syahri 4

Communicative Approach �Communicative tests are concerned primarily with how language is used in communication. �Most aim to incorporate tasks which appropriate as closely as possible to those facing the students in real life. �Communicative tests are based on a view of language referred to the divisibility hypothesis. �They result in an attempt to obtain different profiles of a learner’s performance in the language. 3/9/2021 Indawan Syahri 5