Approach to Impact Prediction Mathematical Model Mathematical models

Approach to Impact Prediction

Mathematical Model

Mathematical models can be described according to the following features: 1. 2. – – – 3. 4. – – Empirical or internally descriptive: empirical because they can be derived solely on the basis of statistical analysis of observations from the environment to find the "best fit" equation (empirical models are sometimes called “black box” models); or · internally descriptive because equations are based on a priori understanding of the relationship between variables. The equations therefore represent some theory or assumption of how the environment works. Generalized or site-specific: generalized, as they can be applicable to a range of different environment allocations which meet certain specific characteristics; or site-specific, as they can be developed or applied only to a specific environmental location. Stationary or dynamic: stationary, if conditions in the model are fixed over the period of the prediction; or dynamic, if the predictions are made over a period of time in which conditions in the environment change.

4. Homogeneous or non-homogeneous: – – 5. homogeneous, as they can assume that conditions at the source prevail throughout the area over which predictions are made; or non-homogeneous, as environmental conditions affecting the predicted outcome vary with distance from the source. Deterministic or stochastic: – – deterministic, as input variables and relationships are fixed quantities and the predicted outcome from a given starting point is a single, unique value; or stochastic, as simple variables and parameters may be described probabilistically. These models reflect the natural variations occurring in the environment and results are presented as a frequency distribution of probable outcomes rather than as a single value.

Air Quality Conceptual Model

Three aspects of air quality problems 1. estimating rates of release of pollutants; 2. predicting atmospheric concentrations of pollutants; and 3. predicting deposition rates on pollutants on soil, water, and vegetation.

Estimating Air Release

Dispersion Model 1. – – – – 2. – – – – plume rise; advection transport by wind; vertical, lateral, and horizontal diffusion caused by turbulence; reflection from the ground and from the top of the mixing layer; physical-chemical transformation of pollutants in air, including radioactive decay, photochemical reactions, and aerosol formation; gravitational settling of particulate pollutants; dry deposition, that is, uptake of substances onto soil or other surface material by chemical, biological, or physical processes occurring at the interface; wet deposition, that is, rain-out and wash-out of substances onto the surface; behavior of plumes in response to variations in the land surface; entrainment of plumes in the lee of buildings; variations in atmospheric diffusion conditions with height above the surface; variations in emission rate and/or in meteorological conditions over the period of prediction; variations in meteorological and/or topographical conditions with distance from the source; and random variation in environmental conditions and emissions.

Surface Water Conceptual Model

Water Quality Mass Balance

Water Pollution Model

Erosion and Sedimentation Model

Darcy’s Law

Ecological Prediction

• ERA addresses four questions: • · What can go wrong to cause adverse consequences? • · What is the probability of frequency of occurrence of adverse consequences? • · What are the range and distribution of the severity of adverse consequences? • · What can be done, at what cost, to manage and reduce unacceptable risks and damage?

The five step sequence in performing ERA is: 1. hazard identification - sources of adverse impacts; 2. hazard accounting - scoping, setting the boundaries of the ERA; 3. scenarios of exposure - how the hazard might be encountered; 4. risk characterization - likelihood and severity of impact damage; and 5. risk management - mitigation or reduction of unacceptable risk.

ADKL KEPMENKES 876/2001 • Model kajian dampak lingkungan dengan pendekatan ARKL • Bertujuan untuk mengenal, memahami & meramalkan kondisi & karakteristik lingkungan yang berpotensi menimbulkan risiko kesehatan • Hasil ADKL menjadi dasar untuk menyusun atau mengembangkan pengelolaan dan pemantauan risiko

I= intake (asupan), jumlah risk agent yang masuk, (mg/kg/hari) C= konsentrasi risk agent, mg/M 3 (udara), mg/L (air minum), mg/kg (makanan) R= laju (rate) asupan, 20 M 3/hari (udara), 2 L/hari (air minum? ) t. E = waktu pajanan harian, jam/hari f. E = frekuensi pajanan tahunan, hari/tahun Dt = durasi pajanan, real time atau 30 tahun proyeksi Wb = berat badan, kg tavg = perioda waktu rata-rata, 30 tahun 365 hari/tahun (non karsinogen) atau 70 tahun 365 hari/tahun (karsinogen )